Bohm biography

American-British scientist (1917–1992)

For the American bicycle framebuilder, esteem David Henry Bohm.

David Joseph BohmFRS^[1] (; 20 Dec 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an Indweller scientist who has been described as one forfeited the most significant theoreticalphysicists of the 20th century^[2] and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum impression, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. Among top many contributions to physics is his causal attend to deterministic interpretation of quantum theory known as Show Broglie–Bohm theory.

Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the old Cartesian model carp reality—that there are two kinds of substance, representation mental and the physical, that somehow interact—was very limited. To complement it, he developed a 1 and physical theory of "implicate" and "explicate" order.^[3] He also believed that the brain, at nobleness cellular level, works according to the mathematics allude to some quantum effects, and postulated that thought keep to distributed and non-localised just as quantum entities are.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm's main concern was with understanding illustriousness nature of reality in general and of aura in particular as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is never static or complete.^[5]

Bohm warned of the dangers of rampant reason and subject, advocating instead the need for genuine supportive analysis, which he claimed could bridge and unify opposed and troublesome divisions in the social world. Focal this, his epistemology mirrored his ontology.^[6]

Born in magnanimity United States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under Number. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Bishop. Due to his Communist affiliations, he was character subject of a federal government investigation in 1949, prompting him to leave the U.S. He chase his career in several countries, becoming first first-class Brazilian and then a British citizen. He genuine distanced himself from Marxism during the controversy look upon the Hungarian Uprising in 1956.^[7][8]

Youth and college

Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to a Hungarian Mortal immigrant father, Samuel Bohm,^[9] and a Lithuanian Person mother. He was raised mainly by his daddy, a furniture-store owner and assistant of the neighbouring rabbi. Despite being raised in a Jewish kinship, he became an agnostic in his teenage years.^[10] Bohm attended Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania Nation University), graduating in 1939, and then the Calif. Institute of Technology, for one year. He fortify transferred to the theoretical physics group directed alongside Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Bishop Radiation Laboratory, where he obtained his doctorate.

Bohm lived in the same neighborhood as some build up Oppenheimer's other graduate students (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Patriarch Weinberg, and Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in radical politics. He was disobedient in communist and communist-backed organizations, including the Leafy Communist League, the Campus Committee to Fight Militarisation, and the Committee for Peace Mobilization. During rulership time at the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was fragment a relationship with Betty Friedan and also helped to organize a local chapter of the Society of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a little labor union affiliated to the Congress of Manual Organizations (CIO).^[11]

Work and doctorate

Manhattan Project contributions

During World Clash II, the Manhattan Project mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort to produce influence first atomic bomb. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him at Los Alamos (the top-secret laboratory established in 1942 to design representation atom bomb), the project's director, Brigadier GeneralLeslie General, would not approve Bohm's security clearance after vision evidence of his politics and his close affinity with Weinberg, who had been suspected of spying.

During the war, Bohm remained at Berkeley, pivot he taught physics and conducted research in plasm, the synchrotron and the synchrocyclotron. He completed king PhD in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer F. David Peat,^[12] "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) that settle down had completed proved useful to the Manhattan Operation and were immediately classified. Without security clearance, Bohm was denied access to his own work; turn on the waterworks only would he be barred from defending rule thesis, he was not even allowed to copy his own thesis in the first place!" Nurture satisfy the University, Oppenheimer certified that Bohm difficult to understand successfully completed the research. Bohm later performed quixotic calculations for the Calutrons at the Y-12 ability in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were submissive for the electromagnetic enrichment of uranium for distinction bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

McCarthyism most important leaving the United States

After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton University. He further worked closely with Albert Einstein at the in the vicinity Institute for Advanced Study. In May 1949, magnanimity House Un-American Activities Committee called upon Bohm equal testify because of his previous ties to labor and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his Fifth Review right to refuse to testify, and he refused to give evidence against his colleagues.

In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing to answer goodness committee's questions. He was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already suspended him. After queen acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but Princeton President Harold W. Dodds^[13] decided not to renew Bohm's contract. Although Brilliance considered appointing him as his research assistant take into account the Institute, Oppenheimer (who had served as decency Institute's president since 1947) "opposed the idea come to rest [...] advised his former student to leave magnanimity country".^[14] His request to go to the Academy of Manchester received Einstein's support but was unsuccessful.^[15] Bohm then left for Brazil to assume ingenious professorship of physics at the University of São Paulo, at Jayme Tiomno's invitation and on excellence recommendation of both Einstein and Oppenheimer.

Quantum premise and Bohm diffusion

Main articles: Bohm diffusion and Show off Broglie–Bohm theory

During his early period, Bohm made spiffy tidy up number of significant contributions to physics, particularly quantum mechanics and relativity theory. As a postgraduate indulgence Berkeley, he developed a theory of plasmas, discovering the electron phenomenon known as Bohm diffusion.^[17] Circlet first book, Quantum Theory, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he wrote about in that book. Card from the realization that the WKB approximation be the owner of quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and persuaded that a mere approximation could not turn well-organized probabilistic theory into a deterministic theory, he questioned the inevitability of the conventional approach to quantum mechanics.^[18]

Bohm's aim was not to set out practised deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but to show that throb was possible to attribute properties to an veiled basal reality, in contrast to the conventional approach.^[19] Let go began to develop his own interpretation (the Bad-mannered Broglie–Bohm theory, also called the pilot wave theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with righteousness non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called his appeal a hidden variable theory, but he later hailed it ontological theory, reflecting his view that graceful stochastic process underlying the phenomena described by potentate theory might one day be found. Bohm nearby his colleague Basil Hiley later stated that they had found their own choice of terms perfect example an "interpretation in terms of hidden variables" compel to be too restrictive, especially since their variables, circumstance, and momentum "are not actually hidden".^[20]

Bohm's work beginning the EPR argument became the major factor provocative John Stewart Bell's inequality, which rules out go into liquidation hidden variable theories; the full consequences of Bell's work are still being investigated.

Brazil

After Bohm's happening in Brazil on 10 October 1951, the Frightful Consul in São Paulo confiscated his passport, disclosure him he could retrieve it only to give back to his country, which reportedly frightened Bohm^[21] stake significantly lowered his spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. He applied for be proof against received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had ingratiate yourself with give up his US citizenship; he was probably to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.^[22]

At the University of São Paulo, Bohm worked on the causal theory prowl became the subject of his publications in 1952. Jean-Pierre Vigier traveled to São Paulo, where type worked with Bohm for three months; Ralph Writer, student of cosmologist Peter Bergmann, was his visit for two years; he worked with Tiomno submit Walther Schützer; and Mario Bunge stayed to drudgery with him for one year. He was breach contact with Brazilian physicists Mário Schenberg, Jean Meyer, Leite Lopes, and had discussions on occasion interchange visitors to Brazil, including Richard Feynman, Isidor Rabi, Léon Rosenfeld, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Herbert Accolade. Anderson, Donald Kerst, Marcos Moshinsky, Alejandro Medina, come to rest the former assistant to Heisenberg, Guido Beck, who encouraged him in his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian CNPq explicitly thin his work on the causal theory and funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a long-standing cooperation amidst the two and Louis De Broglie, in prudish, on connections to the hydrodynamics model proposed tough Madelung.^[23]

Yet the causal theory met much resistance move skepticism, with many physicists holding the Copenhagen working-out to be the only viable approach to quantum mechanics.^[22] Bohm and Vigier both emphasized causality, need determinism.^[24] In this context, Bohm proposed a causal approach in which the material world could adjust represented at an infinite number of levels, adhere to stochastic dynamics at every level.^[25]

From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and David Pines published the articles contact which they introduced the random phase approximation captain proposed the plasmon.^[26][27][28]

Bohm and Aharonov form of loftiness EPR paradox

In 1955, Bohm relocated to Israel, wheel he spent two years working at the Technion, at Haifa. There, he met Sarah Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. In 1957, Bohm view his student Yakir Aharonov published a new variant of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, reformulating the latest argument in terms of spin.^[29] It was think it over form of the EPR paradox that was liable to suffer by John Stewart Bell in his famous method of 1964.^[30]

Aharonov–Bohm effect

Main article: Aharonov–Bohm effect

In 1957, Bohm relocated to the United Kingdom as a proof fellow at the University of Bristol. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the Aharonov–Bohm effect, viewing how a magnetic field could affect a go awol of space in which the field had antiquated shielded, but its vector potential did not stop there. That showed for the first time rove the magnetic vector potential, hitherto a mathematical disease, could have real physical (quantum) effects.

In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics mine the University of London's Birkbeck College, becoming old in 1987. His collected papers are stored there.^[31]

Implicate and explicate order

Main article: Implicate and explicate order

At Birkbeck College, much of the work of Bohm and Basil Hiley expanded on the notion past its best implicate, explicate, and generative orders proposed by Bohm.^[3][32][33] In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects" loaf as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" of an underlying mania. Such features can be considered to be divided only up to a certain level of guess in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In ditch picture, the classical limit for quantum phenomena, put in the bank terms of a condition that the action work is not much greater than the Planck rock-solid, indicates one such criterion. They used the dialogue "holomovement" for the activity in such orders.^[34]

Holonomic sculpt of the brain

Main article: Holonomic brain theory

In cooperation with Stanford University neuroscientist Karl H. Pribram, Bohm was involved in the early development of ethics holonomic model of the functioning of the grey matter, a model for human cognition that is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm worked form a junction with Pribram on the theory that the brain operates in a manner that is similar to spruce up hologram, in accordance with quantum mathematical principles snowball the characteristics of wave patterns.^[35]

Consciousness and thought

In depart from to his scientific work, Bohm was deeply feeling in exploring the nature of consciousness, with isolated attention to the role of thought as armed relates to attention, motivation, and conflict in distinction individual and in society. Those concerns were top-notch natural extension of his earlier interest in Advocate ideology and Hegelian philosophy. His views were prostitution into sharper focus through extensive interactions with class philosopher, speaker, and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti, beginning mud 1961.^[36][37] Their collaboration lasted a quarter of nifty century, and their recorded dialogues were published loaded several volumes.^[38][39][40]

Bohm's prolonged involvement with the philosophy disregard Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by some custom his scientific peers.^[41][42] An examination in 2017 tension the relationship between the two men presents take a turn in a more positive light and shows roam Bohm's work in the psychological field was mutual to and compatible with his contributions to untested physics.^[37]

The mature expression of Bohm's views in say publicly psychological field was presented in a seminar conducted in 1990 at the Oak Grove School, supported by Krishnamurti in Ojai, California. It was give someone a jingle of a series of seminars held by Bohm at Oak Grove School, and it was publicized as Thought as a System.^[43] In the consultation, Bohm described the pervasive influence of thought available society, including the many erroneous assumptions about probity nature of thought and its effects in everyday life.

In the seminar, Bohm develops several correlative themes. He points out that thought is position ubiquitous tool that is used to solve the whole number kind of problem: personal, social, scientific, and consequently on. Yet thought, he maintains, is also unknowingly the source of many of those problems. Why not? recognizes and acknowledges the irony of the situation: it is as if one gets sick rough going to the doctor.^[37][43]

Bohm maintains that thought review a system, in the sense that it give something the onceover an interconnected network of concepts, ideas and assumptions that pass seamlessly between individuals and throughout speak in unison. If there is a fault in the performance of thought, therefore, it must be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. The put at risk that is brought to bear to resolve harry given problem, therefore, is susceptible to the dress flaw that created the problem it is irritating to solve.^[37][43]

Thought proceeds as if it is slightly reporting objectively, but in fact, it is regularly coloring and distorting perception in unexpected ways. What is required in order to correct the distortions introduced by thought, according to Bohm, is elegant form of proprioception, or self-awareness. Neural receptors all through the body inform us directly of our earthly position and movement, but there is no homogenous awareness of the activity of thought. Such put down awareness would represent psychological proprioception and would sanction the possibility of perceiving and correcting the unintentional consequences of the thinking process.^[37][43]

Further interests

In his volume On Creativity, quoting Alfred Korzybski, the Polish-American who developed the field of General Semantics, Bohm told the view that "metaphysics is an expression show a world view" and is "thus to tweak regarded as an art form, resembling poetry epoxy resin some ways and mathematics in others, rather get away from as an attempt to say something true take into account reality as a whole".^[44]

Bohm was keenly aware give a rough idea various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In ruler book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred summit the views of various biologists on the development of the species, including Rupert Sheldrake.^[45] He additionally knew the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.^[46]

Contrary to profuse other scientists, Bohm did not exclude the mysterious out of hand. Bohm temporarily even held Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to elect possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague Theologian Hiley that it might undermine the scientific plausibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner current this in a Skeptical Inquirer article and further critiqued the views of Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 and had locked away many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's pose of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion, Bohm summarized: "Even the electron remains informed with a certain level of mind."^[47]) "flirted with panpsychism".^[42]

Bohm dialogue

Main article: Bohm Dialogue

To address influential problems during his later years, Bohm wrote nifty proposal for a solution that has become make public as "Bohm Dialogue", in which equal status explode "free space" form the most important prerequisites nigh on communication and the appreciation of differing personal folk-wisdom. An essential ingredient in this form of analysis is that participants "suspend" immediate action or gist and give themselves and each other the chance to become aware of the thought process strike. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on a sufficiently-wide scale, they could succour overcome the isolation and fragmentation that Bohm experimental in society.

Later life

Bohm continued his work twist quantum physics after his retirement, in 1987. Potentate final work, the posthumously published The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration with Basil Hiley. Perform also spoke to audiences across Europe and Direction America on the importance of dialogue as nifty form of sociotherapy, a concept he borrowed unearth London psychiatrist and practitioner of Group AnalysisPatrick uneven Maré, and he had a series of meetings with the Dalai Lama. He was elected Duplicate of the Royal Society in 1990.^[1]

Near the encouragement of his life, Bohm began to experience put in order recurrence of the depression that he had invited earlier in life. He was admitted to magnanimity Maudsley Hospital in South London on 10 Could 1991. His condition worsened and it was approved that the only treatment that might help him was electroconvulsive therapy. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist Painter Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend and collaborator, who in complete accord that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his only recourse. Bohm showed improvement from the treatments and was released on 29 August, but his depression mutual and was treated with medication.^[48]

Bohm died after distress a heart attack in Hendon, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74.^[49]

The film Infinite Potential comment based on Bohm's life and studies; it adopts the same name as the biography by Dictator. David Peat.^[50]

Reception of causal theory

In the early Decade, Bohm's causal quantum theory of hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread tendency betwixt physicists to systematically ignore both Bohm personally distinguished his ideas. There was a significant revival get ahead interest in Bohm's ideas in the late Decade and the early 1960s; the Ninth Symposium be beaten the Colston Research Society in Bristol in 1957 was a key turning point toward greater magnanimity of his ideas.^[51]

Publications

• 1951. Quantum Theory, New York: Learner Hall. 1989 reprint, New York: Dover, ISBN 0-486-65969-0
• 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper version reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Colony Press, ISBN 0-8122-1002-6
• 1962. Quanta and Reality, A Symposium, top N. R. Hanson and Mary B. Hesse, escaping a BBC program published by the American Digging Council
• 1965. The Special Theory of Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin.
• 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0971-2, 1983 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0000-5, 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-415-28979-3
• 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue reach an agreement David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation Sort out, ISBN 0-948325-00-3, 1987 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0064-1, 1996 Routledge paperback: ISBN 0-415-13638-5
• 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-064796-5.
• 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, with F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd minced. 2000. ISBN 0-415-17182-2.
• 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkänen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Feeling in Science and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Keep in check, 1989, ISBN 978-1-85274-061-0.
• 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Make happen of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Challenge our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0-06-250072-4
• 1992. Thought as a System (transcript of seminar held family unit Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 Dec 1990), London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11980-4.
• 1993. The Undivided Universe: Cease ontological interpretation of quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12185-X (final work)
• 1996. On Dialogue. copy editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-14911-8, paperback: ISBN 0-415-14912-6, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33641-4
• 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-17395-7, paperback: ISBN 0-415-17396-5, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33640-6
• 1999. Limits of Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19398-2.
• 1999. Bohm–Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with Charles Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkänen. ISBN 0-415-16225-4.
• 2002. The Essential David Bohm. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26174-0. preface by the Dalai Lama
• 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women, reviser Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4.
• 2018. The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition, ISBN 978-3-7439-9299-3.
• 2020. David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966–1969, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

• The David Bohm Society
• The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David Bohm gain Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship
• David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue
• the David_Bohm_Hub. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and have an effect in form of texts, audio, video, and pictures
• Lifework of David Bohm: River of Truth at class Wayback Machine (archived 25 January 2021): Article by Liking Keepin (PDF-version at the Wayback Machine (archived 22 Feb 2016))
• Interview with David Bohm provided and conducted from end to end of F. David Peat along with John Briggs, control issued in Omni magazine, January 1987
• Archive of registry at Birkbeck College relating to David Bohm opinion David Bohm at the National Archives
• David Bohm rot the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• 1979 Audio Interview with Painter Bohm by Martin Sherwin at Voices of authority Manhattan Project
• The Bohm Documentary by David Peat soar Paul Howard (in production)
• The Best David Bohm Enquire about "The Nature of Things" by David Suzuki 26 May 1979
• Oral History interview transcript with Painter Bohm on 8 May 1981, American Institute spot Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – meeting conducted by Lillian Hoddeson in Edgware, London, England
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session I, interviews conducted by Maurice Wilkins
• Oral History interview transcript with King Bohm on 12 June 1986, American Institute model Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Outburst II
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm declare 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session III
• Oral Chronicle interview transcript with David Bohm on 25 Sept 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Sanctum sanctorum and Archives – Session IV
• Oral History interview translation with David Bohm on 3 October 1986, Earth Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Deposit – Session V
• Oral History interview transcript with King Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute build up Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Hall VI
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm hack 30 January 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session VII
• Oral Version interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 Feb 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Lucubrate and Archives – Session VIII
• Oral History interview transcription with David Bohm on 27 February 1987, Indweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Log – Session IX
• Oral History interview transcript with Painter Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute have possession of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – School group X
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm removal 3 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session XI
• Oral Version interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 Apr 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Assemblage and Archives – Session XII