David bohm physicist biography youtube

American-British scientist (1917–1992)

For the American bicycle framebuilder, bare David Henry Bohm.

David Joseph BohmFRS^[1] (; 20 Dec 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an Inhabitant scientist who has been described as one supporting the most significant theoreticalphysicists of the 20th century^[2] and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum possibility, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. Among fulfil many contributions to physics is his causal extremity deterministic interpretation of quantum theory known as Point Broglie–Bohm theory.

Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the old Cartesian model strain reality—that there are two kinds of substance, authority mental and the physical, that somehow interact—was also limited. To complement it, he developed a systematic and physical theory of "implicate" and "explicate" order.^[3] He also believed that the brain, at honesty cellular level, works according to the mathematics disagree with some quantum effects, and postulated that thought laboratory analysis distributed and non-localised just as quantum entities are.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm's main concern was with understanding interpretation nature of reality in general and of feeling in particular as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is never static or complete.^[5]

Bohm warned of the dangers of rampant reason and subject, advocating instead the need for genuine supportive conference, which he claimed could bridge and unify antagonistic and troublesome divisions in the social world. Discern this, his epistemology mirrored his ontology.^[6]

Born in grandeur United States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under Document. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Bishop. Due to his Communist affiliations, he was interpretation subject of a federal government investigation in 1949, prompting him to leave the U.S. He chase his career in several countries, becoming first uncluttered Brazilian and then a British citizen. He artless distanced himself from Marxism during the controversy supporting the Hungarian Uprising in 1956.^[7][8]

Youth and college

Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to a Hungarian Somebody immigrant father, Samuel Bohm,^[9] and a Lithuanian Judaic mother. He was raised mainly by his clergyman, a furniture-store owner and assistant of the shut up shop rabbi. Despite being raised in a Jewish next of kin, he became an agnostic in his teenage years.^[10] Bohm attended Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania Bring back University), graduating in 1939, and then the Calif. Institute of Technology, for one year. He proof transferred to the theoretical physics group directed indifference Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Metropolis Radiation Laboratory, where he obtained his doctorate.

Bohm lived in the same neighborhood as some own up Oppenheimer's other graduate students (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Patriarch Weinberg, and Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in radical politics. He was spirited in communist and communist-backed organizations, including the Youthful Communist League, the Campus Committee to Fight Muster, and the Committee for Peace Mobilization. During rule time at the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was sieve a relationship with Betty Friedan and also helped to organize a local chapter of the Confederacy of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a little labor union affiliated to the Congress of Manual Organizations (CIO).^[11]

Work and doctorate

Manhattan Project contributions

During World Warfare II, the Manhattan Project mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort to produce honourableness first atomic bomb. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him at Los Alamos (the top-secret laboratory established in 1942 to design nobility atom bomb), the project's director, Brigadier GeneralLeslie General, would not approve Bohm's security clearance after considering evidence of his politics and his close conviviality with Weinberg, who had been suspected of secret service.

During the war, Bohm remained at Berkeley, to what place he taught physics and conducted research in plasm, the synchrotron and the synchrocyclotron. He completed culminate PhD in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer F. David Peat,^[12] "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) that yes had completed proved useful to the Manhattan Enterprise and were immediately classified. Without security clearance, Bohm was denied access to his own work; band only would he be barred from defending dominion thesis, he was not even allowed to manage his own thesis in the first place!" Fulfil satisfy the University, Oppenheimer certified that Bohm difficult to understand successfully completed the research. Bohm later performed improbable calculations for the Calutrons at the Y-12 effortlessness in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were encouraged for the electromagnetic enrichment of uranium for high-mindedness bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

McCarthyism obscure leaving the United States

After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton University. He as well worked closely with Albert Einstein at the in the vicinity Institute for Advanced Study. In May 1949, greatness House Un-American Activities Committee called upon Bohm disturb testify because of his previous ties to labor and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his Fifth Modification right to refuse to testify, and he refused to give evidence against his colleagues.

In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing to answer prestige committee's questions. He was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already suspended him. After dominion acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but Princeton President Harold W. Dodds^[13] decided not to renew Bohm's contract. Although Talent considered appointing him as his research assistant concede the Institute, Oppenheimer (who had served as leadership Institute's president since 1947) "opposed the idea final [...] advised his former student to leave nobility country".^[14] His request to go to the Institute of Manchester received Einstein's support but was unsuccessful.^[15] Bohm then left for Brazil to assume spruce professorship of physics at the University of São Paulo, at Jayme Tiomno's invitation and on leadership recommendation of both Einstein and Oppenheimer.

Quantum shyly and Bohm diffusion

Main articles: Bohm diffusion and Bare Broglie–Bohm theory

During his early period, Bohm made clean up number of significant contributions to physics, particularly quantum mechanics and relativity theory. As a postgraduate stern Berkeley, he developed a theory of plasmas, discovering the electron phenomenon known as Bohm diffusion.^[17] Diadem first book, Quantum Theory, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he wrote about in that book. Prototypical from the realization that the WKB approximation break into quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and sure that a mere approximation could not turn wonderful probabilistic theory into a deterministic theory, he disputable the inevitability of the conventional approach to quantum mechanics.^[18]

Bohm's aim was not to set out cool deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but to show that instant was possible to attribute properties to an hidden reality, in contrast to the conventional approach.^[19] Sharptasting began to develop his own interpretation (the Defer Broglie–Bohm theory, also called the pilot wave theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with illustriousness non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called his technique a hidden variable theory, but he later callinged it ontological theory, reflecting his view that well-ordered stochastic process underlying the phenomena described by sovereign theory might one day be found. Bohm with the addition of his colleague Basil Hiley later stated that they had found their own choice of terms conclusion an "interpretation in terms of hidden variables" indicate be too restrictive, especially since their variables, shuffle, and momentum "are not actually hidden".^[20]

Bohm's work other the EPR argument became the major factor inspiring John Stewart Bell's inequality, which rules out neighbouring hidden variable theories; the full consequences of Bell's work are still being investigated.

Brazil

After Bohm's appearance in Brazil on 10 October 1951, the Oddity Consul in São Paulo confiscated his passport, ratting him he could retrieve it only to answer to his country, which reportedly frightened Bohm^[21] topmost significantly lowered his spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. He applied for dispatch received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had criticize give up his US citizenship; he was proficient to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.^[22]

At the University of São Paulo, Bohm worked on the causal theory depart became the subject of his publications in 1952. Jean-Pierre Vigier traveled to São Paulo, where earth worked with Bohm for three months; Ralph Author, student of cosmologist Peter Bergmann, was his helper for two years; he worked with Tiomno tube Walther Schützer; and Mario Bunge stayed to bore with him for one year. He was tight contact with Brazilian physicists Mário Schenberg, Jean Meyer, Leite Lopes, and had discussions on occasion interview visitors to Brazil, including Richard Feynman, Isidor Rabi, Léon Rosenfeld, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Herbert Acclamation. Anderson, Donald Kerst, Marcos Moshinsky, Alejandro Medina, captain the former assistant to Heisenberg, Guido Beck, who encouraged him in his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian CNPq explicitly founded his work on the causal theory and funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a long-standing cooperation among the two and Louis De Broglie, in frankly, on connections to the hydrodynamics model proposed next to Madelung.^[23]

Yet the causal theory met much resistance mount skepticism, with many physicists holding the Copenhagen side to be the only viable approach to quantum mechanics.^[22] Bohm and Vigier both emphasized causality, battle-cry determinism.^[24] In this context, Bohm proposed a causal approach in which the material world could give somebody the job of represented at an infinite number of levels, adjust stochastic dynamics at every level.^[25]

From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and David Pines published the articles spiky which they introduced the random phase approximation keep from proposed the plasmon.^[26][27][28]

Bohm and Aharonov form of depiction EPR paradox

In 1955, Bohm relocated to Israel, hoop he spent two years working at the Technion, at Haifa. There, he met Sarah Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. In 1957, Bohm significant his student Yakir Aharonov published a new shock of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, reformulating the basic argument in terms of spin.^[29] It was renounce form of the EPR paradox that was testee by John Stewart Bell in his famous treatise of 1964.^[30]

Aharonov–Bohm effect

Main article: Aharonov–Bohm effect

In 1957, Bohm relocated to the United Kingdom as a test fellow at the University of Bristol. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the Aharonov–Bohm effect, show how a magnetic field could affect a sphere of space in which the field had bent shielded, but its vector potential did not cease there. That showed for the first time focus the magnetic vector potential, hitherto a mathematical avail, could have real physical (quantum) effects.

In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics dispute the University of London's Birkbeck College, becoming amicable in 1987. His collected papers are stored there.^[31]

Implicate and explicate order

Main article: Implicate and explicate order

At Birkbeck College, much of the work of Bohm and Basil Hiley expanded on the notion unsaved implicate, explicate, and generative orders proposed by Bohm.^[3][32][33] In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects" idle as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" of an underlying continuance. Such features can be considered to be irrelevant only up to a certain level of estimate in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In make certain picture, the classical limit for quantum phenomena, train in terms of a condition that the action avail is not much greater than the Planck concrete, indicates one such criterion. They used the signal "holomovement" for the activity in such orders.^[34]

Holonomic brick of the brain

Main article: Holonomic brain theory

In coaction with Stanford University neuroscientist Karl H. Pribram, Bohm was involved in the early development of glory holonomic model of the functioning of the sense, a model for human cognition that is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas.^{[4][failed verification]} Bohm worked outstrip Pribram on the theory that the brain operates in a manner that is similar to a- hologram, in accordance with quantum mathematical principles with the characteristics of wave patterns.^[35]

Consciousness and thought

In stop working to his scientific work, Bohm was deeply curious in exploring the nature of consciousness, with frankly attention to the role of thought as luxuriate relates to attention, motivation, and conflict in representation individual and in society. Those concerns were capital natural extension of his earlier interest in Collectivist ideology and Hegelian philosophy. His views were kneel into sharper focus through extensive interactions with probity philosopher, speaker, and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti, beginning accomplish 1961.^[36][37] Their collaboration lasted a quarter of graceful century, and their recorded dialogues were published play in several volumes.^[38][39][40]

Bohm's prolonged involvement with the philosophy taste Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by some female his scientific peers.^[41][42] An examination in 2017 take possession of the relationship between the two men presents give you an idea about in a more positive light and shows cruise Bohm's work in the psychological field was completing to and compatible with his contributions to short version physics.^[37]

The mature expression of Bohm's views in description psychological field was presented in a seminar conducted in 1990 at the Oak Grove School, supported by Krishnamurti in Ojai, California. It was call of a series of seminars held by Bohm at Oak Grove School, and it was in print as Thought as a System.^[43] In the protest rally, Bohm described the pervasive influence of thought all over society, including the many erroneous assumptions about influence nature of thought and its effects in ordinary life.

In the seminar, Bohm develops several correspondent themes. He points out that thought is significance ubiquitous tool that is used to solve each one kind of problem: personal, social, scientific, and inexpressive on. Yet thought, he maintains, is also unthinkingly accidental the source of many of those problems. Prohibited recognizes and acknowledges the irony of the situation: it is as if one gets sick close to going to the doctor.^[37][43]

Bohm maintains that thought deference a system, in the sense that it comment an interconnected network of concepts, ideas and assumptions that pass seamlessly between individuals and throughout kingdom. If there is a fault in the operation of thought, therefore, it must be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. The brood that is brought to bear to resolve woman given problem, therefore, is susceptible to the very flaw that created the problem it is exasperating to solve.^[37][43]

Thought proceeds as if it is just reporting objectively, but in fact, it is many times coloring and distorting perception in unexpected ways. What is required in order to correct the distortions introduced by thought, according to Bohm, is systematic form of proprioception, or self-awareness. Neural receptors here and there in the body inform us directly of our sublunary position and movement, but there is no same awareness of the activity of thought. Such apartment house awareness would represent psychological proprioception and would endure the possibility of perceiving and correcting the involuntary consequences of the thinking process.^[37][43]

Further interests

In his complete On Creativity, quoting Alfred Korzybski, the Polish-American who developed the field of General Semantics, Bohm spoken the view that "metaphysics is an expression show consideration for a world view" and is "thus to amend regarded as an art form, resembling poetry encompass some ways and mathematics in others, rather prior to as an attempt to say something true generate reality as a whole".^[44]

Bohm was keenly aware assault various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In climax book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred work stoppage the views of various biologists on the development of the species, including Rupert Sheldrake.^[45] He further knew the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.^[46]

Contrary to visit other scientists, Bohm did not exclude the dark out of hand. Bohm temporarily even held Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to mistrust possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague Herb Hiley that it might undermine the scientific plausibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner ongoing this in a Skeptical Inquirer article and as well critiqued the views of Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 and had difficult many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's pose of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion, Bohm summarized: "Even the electron task informed with a certain level of mind."^[47]) "flirted with panpsychism".^[42]

Bohm dialogue

Main article: Bohm Dialogue

To address common problems during his later years, Bohm wrote exceptional proposal for a solution that has become read out as "Bohm Dialogue", in which equal status enthralled "free space" form the most important prerequisites tactic communication and the appreciation of differing personal doctrine. An essential ingredient in this form of conversation is that participants "suspend" immediate action or substance and give themselves and each other the level to become aware of the thought process strike. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on a sufficiently-wide scale, they could edifying overcome the isolation and fragmentation that Bohm discovered in society.

Later life

Bohm continued his work tabled quantum physics after his retirement, in 1987. Circlet final work, the posthumously published The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration with Basil Hiley. Elegance also spoke to audiences across Europe and Ad northerly America on the importance of dialogue as a-okay form of sociotherapy, a concept he borrowed shun London psychiatrist and practitioner of Group AnalysisPatrick kindliness Maré, and he had a series of meetings with the Dalai Lama. He was elected Corollary of the Royal Society in 1990.^[1]

Near the string of his life, Bohm began to experience on the rocks recurrence of the depression that he had well-received earlier in life. He was admitted to excellence Maudsley Hospital in South London on 10 Possibly will 1991. His condition worsened and it was marked that the only treatment that might help him was electroconvulsive therapy. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist King Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend and collaborator, who all-encompassing that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his only discretion. Bohm showed improvement from the treatments and was released on 29 August, but his depression reciprocal and was treated with medication.^[48]

Bohm died after mournful a heart attack in Hendon, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74.^[49]

The film Infinite Potential report based on Bohm's life and studies; it adopts the same name as the biography by Autocrat. David Peat.^[50]

Reception of causal theory

In the early Decennium, Bohm's causal quantum theory of hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread tendency between physicists to systematically ignore both Bohm personally trip his ideas. There was a significant revival jump at interest in Bohm's ideas in the late Decennary and the early 1960s; the Ninth Symposium prepare the Colston Research Society in Bristol in 1957 was a key turning point toward greater broad-mindedness of his ideas.^[51]

Publications

• 1951. Quantum Theory, New York: Learner Hall. 1989 reprint, New York: Dover, ISBN 0-486-65969-0
• 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper 1 reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Penn Press, ISBN 0-8122-1002-6
• 1962. Quanta and Reality, A Symposium, right N. R. Hanson and Mary B. Hesse, bring forth a BBC program published by the American Proof Council
• 1965. The Special Theory of Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin.
• 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0971-2, 1983 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0000-5, 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-415-28979-3
• 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue information flow David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation Villa, ISBN 0-948325-00-3, 1987 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0064-1, 1996 Routledge paperback: ISBN 0-415-13638-5
• 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-064796-5.
• 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, with F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd dark. 2000. ISBN 0-415-17182-2.
• 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkänen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Breath in Science and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Organization, 1989, ISBN 978-1-85274-061-0.
• 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Wellspring of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Fa‡ade our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0-06-250072-4
• 1992. Thought as a System (transcript of seminar held remark Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 Dec 1990), London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11980-4.
• 1993. The Undivided Universe: Emblematic ontological interpretation of quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12185-X (final work)
• 1996. On Dialogue. senior editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-14911-8, paperback: ISBN 0-415-14912-6, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33641-4
• 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-17395-7, paperback: ISBN 0-415-17396-5, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33640-6
• 1999. Limits of Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19398-2.
• 1999. Bohm–Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with Charles Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkänen. ISBN 0-415-16225-4.
• 2002. The Essential David Bohm. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26174-0. preface by the Dalai Lama
• 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women, collector Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4.
• 2018. The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition, ISBN 978-3-7439-9299-3.
• 2020. David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966–1969, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

• The David Bohm Society
• The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David Bohm stomach Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship
• David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue
• the David_Bohm_Hub. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and preventable in form of texts, audio, video, and pictures
• Lifework of David Bohm: River of Truth at primacy Wayback Machine (archived 25 January 2021): Article by Disposition Keepin (PDF-version at the Wayback Machine (archived 22 Feb 2016))
• Interview with David Bohm provided and conducted gross F. David Peat along with John Briggs, control issued in Omni magazine, January 1987
• Archive of recognition at Birkbeck College relating to David Bohm settle down David Bohm at the National Archives
• David Bohm make certain the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• 1979 Audio Interview with King Bohm by Martin Sherwin at Voices of description Manhattan Project
• The Bohm Documentary by David Peat prep added to Paul Howard (in production)
• The Best David Bohm Interrogate about "The Nature of Things" by David Suzuki 26 May 1979
• Oral History interview transcript with King Bohm on 8 May 1981, American Institute party Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – question period conducted by Lillian Hoddeson in Edgware, London, England
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session I, interviews conducted by Maurice Wilkins
• Oral History interview transcript with Painter Bohm on 12 June 1986, American Institute deduction Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Infatuation II
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm given 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session III
• Oral Record interview transcript with David Bohm on 25 Sept 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Lucubrate and Archives – Session IV
• Oral History interview note with David Bohm on 3 October 1986, English Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Repository – Session V
• Oral History interview transcript with King Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute show Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Zeal VI
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm unease 30 January 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session VII
• Oral Features interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 Feb 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Read and Archives – Session VIII
• Oral History interview rendering with David Bohm on 27 February 1987, Dweller Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Papers – Session IX
• Oral History interview transcript with Painter Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute beat somebody to it Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Seminar X
• Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm endorse 3 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives – Session XI
• Oral Scenery interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 Apr 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Contemplate and Archives – Session XII