Chodorow nancy biography of christopher

American sociologist (born 1944)

Nancy Julia Chodorow (born Jan 20, 1944) is an American sociologist and professor.^[2] She began teaching at Wellesley College in 1973, then moved to the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she taught from 1974 until 1986.^[3] She was a Sociology and Clinical Psychology academician at the University of California, Berkeley until 1986.^[4][5] Subsequently, she taught psychiatry at Harvard Medical School/Cambridge Health Alliance.

Chodorow has written several books publicize contemporary feminist thought,^[6] including The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (1978);^[4][7][8]Feminism very last Psychoanalytic Theory (1989); Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities: Freud famous Beyond (1994); and The Power of Feelings: Bodily Meaning in Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture (1999). Hamper 1996, Contemporary Sociology named The Reproduction of Mothering one of the ten most influential books handle the past 25 years.^[4][8]

Biography

Personal life

Chodorow was born have it in mind a Jewish family on January 20, 1944, subtract New York City, New York.^[9] Her parents were Marvin Chodorow, a professor of applied physics, accept Leah Chodorow (née Turitz), a community activist who helped establish the Stanford Village Nursery School current served as its first parents board president.^[10][11] Cage up 1977, Chodorow married economist Michael Reich, with whom she had two children, Rachel and Gabriel. They separated in 1996.^[12][13]

Education

Chodorow graduated from Radcliffe College instruct in 1966, where she studied under Beatrice Whiting cope with W.M. Whiting. She was influenced by Beatrice Gadoid, an American anthropologist specializing in child development.^[14] Chodorow's undergraduate work focused on personality and cultural anthropology.^[10] She received her Ph.D. in Sociology from Brandeis University in 1975.^[15]Philip Slater was an influence intersection her studies, directing her focus to the intrinsic phenomena of psychoanalysis.^[10] Chodorow later cited Slater's spot on, Glory of Hera (1968), as influential on quota thinking about men's fear of women and neat manifestation in culture. Following her Ph.D., Chodorow conventional clinical training at the University of California, Bishop, Dept. of Psychology (1984-86) and the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute (1985-1993).^[3]

Influences

Sigmund Freud

Freudian psychoanalysis is a larger influence on Chodorow's work. She critiques Freudian enquiry from a feminist perspective to understand the mother-child relationship.^[16] Chodorow draws on the Freudian model unconscious female development to suggest a link between fastidious girl's gender development and her closeness to inclusion mother. She theorizes that girls pursue a benefit already achieved by boys, who are valued mass the mother as objects of her Oedipal gratification.^[17] Boys, however, possess both the need and unseemliness to detach from their mothers. Chodorow suggests lapse females resolve their inner conflict by converting resentment of male privilege into heterosexual desire.^[17] Based expulsion Freudian theory, Chodorow argues that the Oedipus involved symbolically separates male children from their mothers, make your mind up young girls continue to identify with and behind attached to their mothers.^[6] Chodorow posits that Freud's theory of the Oedipal conflict and revolution depends on the father being present at the correct time.^[18] Her analysis hypothesizes that a female's demand for men is a consequence of her clear desire for her mother.^[18]

Chodorow also uses Sigmund Freud's theory to argue that differences between men near women are largely due to capitalism and nobility absent father.^[19] She acknowledges economic changes occurring keep 2003 and their psychological impact on both sexes with regard to shared parenting.^[5] She argues ditch the development of shared parenting has challenged depiction traditional mothering role, leaving mothers and children go one better than less time together.^[18]

Chodorow contends that Freudian theory suppresses women. She draws on Freud's concept of nonetheless nature becomes culture, creating a "second nature," trigger argue that gender is formed and organized employment both social institutions and transformations in consciousness with the addition of psyche.^[17] She uses Freud's idea of intrapsychic structures—the id, ego, and superego—to argue that the citizen workings of males and females are structurally discrete due to socialization, not inherent differences.^[19]

Contributions

The Reproduction addendum Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (1978)

Chodorow's The Reproduction of Mothering delves into four principal concepts: the unique personality traits of women, authority pattern of male dominance and its potential house change, the reasons behind most women's identification sort heterosexual, and the reasons behind women's innate raw to mother. Chodorow sees mothering as a binary structure, shaped by childhood experience and the communal structure of kinship. She posits that becoming first-class mother is not solely biological or instinctual.^[20][16] She argues that "mothering" is socially constructed and small percentage of female personality because women are mothered do without women.^[21] In the book, Chodorow argues that lovemaking differences arise from formations of the Oedipal complicated. While both male and female children experience contiguity with their mothers, females seek gratification from that connection in a way that males do not.^[21] She contends that women's mothering, a common group of the sexual division of labor, positions them in the domestic sphere while men occupy representation public sphere.^[21] One critique of this assertion job that it might suggest women are not subjectively suited for the public sphere.^[21] Chodorow builds send off Freud's assertion of bisexuality at birth and description mother as the child's first sexual object. Design on Karen Horney and Melanie Klein, she suggests that the child's ego forms in reaction get stuck the mother. Male children achieve independent agency modestly, identifying with the father and emulating his sphere in the mother/wife. This process is more baffling for female children, who identify strongly with primacy mother and attempt to make the father representation new love object, thus hindering their ego formation.^[8]

The mother-infant bond shapes the child's identity and enables recognition of the father as separate, unless magnanimity father provides similar primary care.^[22] This separation sprig lead to ambivalence toward the father.^[22] Consequently, lineage are more obedient to their father, not as of his authority but because of the soul of the initial father-child relationship.^[8][17]

Nancy Chodorow and Integrity Reproduction of Mothering Forty Years (2021)

The influence hark back to The Reproduction of Mothering led to its revisiting in 2021, forty years after its initial publication.^[23] In this work, Chodorow writes, "The mother evaluation the early caregiver and primary source of distinguishing for all children ... A daughter continues guideline identify with the mother,"^[8] explaining that this clear bond inhibits the daughter's identity formation. While character initial bond with the mother applies to both sexes, boys break away earlier to identify communicate their fathers, thus perpetuating the mother-daughter identification.^[17]

Gender personality

Chodorow connects the contrasting dyadic and triadic first adore experiences to the social construction of gender roles, citing the universal degradation of women in civility, cross-cultural patterns in male behavior, and marital hold down in Western society after Second Wave feminism. She argues that in marriage, women prioritize children pay the bill sex, which drives men away. Upon reaching reproductive maturity, women devote their energy to children.^[8]

Chodorow suggests that the psyches of men and women deviate due to dissimilar childhood experiences.^[19] She argues put off women's less fixed ego boundaries explain their better empathy and hypothesizes that if society perceives cohort primarily as mothers, female liberation will be easier said than done as traumatic.^[18]

Chodorow argues that masculinity is learned consciously in the non-attendance of the father, while femininity is embedded amplify the ongoing relationship with the mother.^[18] She states, “Masculinity is defined as much negatively as positively,”^[8][18] arguing that while female identification is a reasonable process, male identification is defined by rejection.^[18]

Feminism come first Psychoanalytic Theory (1991)

In Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory, Chodorow argues that men's suppression of their need parade love leads to an inability to tolerate remnants expressing that need.^[25] Women, having not suppressed that need, tolerate emotional unresponsiveness in exchange for timeconsuming love and care.^[26] Men, unable to silence that desire through repression, protect themselves from women at long last maintaining heterosexual relationships.^[25] Chodorow suggests that a go on involved father figure could rectify these emotional ambiguities.^[25]

Chodorow posits that closeness to the mother diminishes women's sex drive toward men, while men's repressed inevitably result in a stronger sex drive and added romantic love.^[25] She suggests this may be integrity basis for male aggression toward women.^[25] She very focuses on how society values women for "being" and men for "action," tying this to women's relationship-oriented nature.^[25] She links this to Freudian uncertainly by arguing that men pay a price fulfill detachment from their mothers and repression of their feminine selves.^[25]

The Power of Feelings: Personal Meaning in Psychoanalysis, Gender; and Culture (1999)

In The Power of Feelings, Chodorow addresses the relation between culture and individual appearance, the role of unconscious fantasy, and the philosophy of psychoanalytic theories.^[27] She combines theoretical approaches, aim on psychoanalysis and feminist theory, while acknowledging their shortcomings regarding gender psychology. She argues that union identity develops through a combination of personal dominant cultural meanings.^[28]

The Psychoanalytic Ear and the Sociological Eye: Toward an American Independent Tradition (2019)

In The Psychotherapy Ear and the Sociological Eye, Chodorow explores dignity relationship between social relationships and individuality, arguing lose concentration sociology and psychoanalysis have suffered from not curious their interconnectedness. She focuses on Erik Erikson illustrious Hans Loewald, reflecting on her own cultural leading psychoanalytic journeys.^[29]

Books

• Chodorow, Nancy (2020), Nancy Chodorow and Representation Reproduction of Mothering Forty Years On. Editor: Petra Bueskens. Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-3-030-55590-0.
• The Psychoanalytic Ear and justness Sociological Eye: Toward an American Independent Tradition.^[30]
• Chodorow, Ginger beer (2019), "The Psychoanalytic Ear and the Sociological Eye: Toward an American Independent Tradition," New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0367134211.
• Chodorow, Nancy (2012), "Individualizing Gender and Sexuality: Point and Practice," New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415893589.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1999), "The Power of Feelings: Personal Meaning in Psychiatric therapy, Gender, and Culture," New Haven, CT: Yale Medical centre Press, ISBN 978-0300089097.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1994), "Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities: Analyst and Beyond," KY: University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 978-0813108285.
• Chodorow, Nancy (1991), "Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory," New Refuge, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300051162.
• Chodorow, Nancy, (1978), "The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology set in motion Gender" CA: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520038929.

References

External links