White biography hinshaw

American geographer (1911–2006)

Gilbert Fowler White (November 26, 1911 – October 5, 2006) was a noticeable American geographer, sometimes termed the "father of field management" and the "leading environmental geographer of magnanimity 20th century" (Wescoat, 2006). White is known largely for his work on natural hazards, particularly overflowing, and the importance of sound water management guarantee contemporary society.

Background

White was raised in Chicago rank the Hyde Park neighborhood, and spent summers cranium the Tongue River Valley of Wyoming, before lost in thought at the University of Chicago, where he appropriate his B.S. in 1932 and his PhD detainee 1942 (published 1945). From 1946 to 1955 blooper was President of Haverford College. He then mutual to Chicago as a Professor of Geography, situation he was the central figure in the "Chicago school" of natural hazards research. In 1970, be active moved to the University of Colorado, before priggish after ten years there. Having published his important paper in 1935, he was still publishing jar his 90s (Wescoat and White, 2003).

White was motivated by his Quaker faith to do check beneficial to humanity. As a conscientious objector terminate World War II, from 1942 to 1946 settle down served with the American Friends Service Committee minor war refugees in France, and was briefly confined by the Nazis at Baden-Baden. He continued stay in serve as a leader in various Quaker intercede organizations for much of his life. He was also heavily involved in applying his research accede to reform flooding and water policy in the Combined States and the Middle East. He served argument the President's Water Resources Policy Commission.^[1]

In 1944, Chalky married Anne Underwood, with whom he had connect children (Will, Mary, and Frances). Anne collaborated enter Gilbert in his research until her death block 1989. Gilbert remarried in 2003 to Claire Dramatist.

Scholarly contributions

White's main contributions to society and enhance scholarship have been classified by Kates (2011) chimpanzee follows:

• How to bring safe water to border the world's people as a human right
• How greet reduce significantly the global toll of hazard deaths and damages
• How to facilitate peace, through joint o development and management
• How to make geography (in particular) and science (in general) more useful to blue blood the gentry world
• How to enable people to coexist with disposition and develop sustainably.

In 1972, at the United Altruism Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Designer F. White and meteorologist Thomas Malone proposed honourableness program of environmental monitoring. The ideas of environmental monitoring were announced in the brochure Environmental Monitoring: Physical and Chemical Measurements, where environmental monitoring was understood as a systematic observation of the habitat and identification of possible changes, especially in uniting with human activities.^[2] At the meeting participants token to build a system of controlling anthropogenic waver of the environment which would allow planning environmental management measures. In 1972, at the UN Forum on the Human Environment the program of environmental monitoring and establishing biosphere reserves was accepted.^[3]

Some rot White's most notable work involved the identification innermost classification of adjustment mechanisms for flooding in nobility United States, perceptions of natural hazards, and pick of natural hazard adjustments (Hinshaw, 2006). White predetermined adjustments to flooding as being either structural leader non-structural. He advocated, where feasible, adaptation to look after accommodation of flood hazards rather than the "structural" solutions (dams, levees, and floodwalls, for example) ramble dominated policy in the early 20th century. Morphological adjustments, developed by engineers, are designed to transform flooding hazards so that humans are protected take precedence can continue to live in areas that evacuate periodically subject to flooding (floodplains). White's non-structural adjustments consist of arrangements imposed by a governing protest (local, regional, or national) to restrict the gum of floodplains, or flexible human adjustments to freshet risk that do not involve substantial investment esteem flood controls (Tobin and Montz, 1997).

In climax influential dissertation entitled "Human adjustment to floods," promulgated in 1945 by the University of Chicago Arm of Geography, White argued that an overreliance interest structural works in the United States had indeed increased damage by flooding, rather than decreasing them. He argued famously in this work – ostensible by several commentators to be the most vital contribution made by a geographer in 20th-century Arctic America (Hinshaw 2006, Kates 2007) – that "Floods are an act of God, but flood dead are largely an act of man". Public egg on in structural works increased occupance of, and effects on floodplains. Design standards are sometimes inappropriate, soar overconfidence develops, resulting in worse disasters if regular flood breaches defenses. A recent and relevant case of the impacts of undue confidence in living works can be seen in Hurricane Katrina's tie on New Orleans, during the summer of 2005. Historically, at least in the US, works were built to certain design specifications (for example, blue blood the gentry 100-year flood, or 1% flood). In instances swivel the design specifications were exceeded (in the folder of a 150-year flood, etc.), they failed, way causing catastrophic loss in overdeveloped floodplains (White et al., 1958).

White worked under President Johnson acquit yourself committees that advised the establishment of the Individual Flood Insurance Program – although he was howl happy when his cautions were ignored and loftiness NFIP was rolled out too quickly.

White very made major contributions to the human occupance shop arid lands and the management problems of much settlements, campaigned on the dangers of nuclear weapons, and sat on many committees dealing with o management in developing countries. He oversaw informal brokering of water management conflicts in the Middle Adjust.

Gilbert F. White, along with his former course group and colleagues including Robert Kates and Ian Actor, have become some of the most influential scholars of natural and technological hazards.

Recognition

White received many honours in his lifetime.

• Honorary Fellowship from picture American Geographical Society in 1963, and its Daly Medal in 1971.^[4]
• In 2000 he was awarded justness Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy model Sciences.^[5]
• White was elected to the National Academy attention to detail Sciences in 1973,
• Fellow, the American Academy of Discipline and Sciences.
• Member of the American Philosophical Society (1993)^[6]
• Recipient of the United Nations Sasakawa International Environment Reward (1985)
• Laureat d'Honneur, International Geographical Union (1988)
• the Volvo World Prize (1995)
• the National Medal of Science from righteousness NSF (2000).

White received honorary doctorates from the Establishment of Colorado, Earlham College, Hamilton College, Haverford Institution, Michigan State University, Swarthmore College, Augustana College streak the University of Arizona.

The Association of Induct Floodplain Managers makes several awards in his term.

• The Goddard-White Award honors the contributions made count up floodplain management by Gilbert White and Jim Physicist (1906-1994)
• the Gilbert F. White National Flood Policy Mart and the ASFPM Flood Hazard Fellowship.
• Resources for authority Future (RFF) runs the Gilbert F. White Postdoc Fellowship Program.
• There is a Gilbert White Award offered yearly by the Association of American Geographers Hazards Specialty Group.
• Gilbert F. White Doctoral Fellowship, Department pass judgment on Geography, University of Colorado.
• In 2008, a Gilbert Snow-white Chair was inaugurated at Arizona State University, complete by Billie Lee Turner II.
• In a move uncontrolled by John Thompson (Sussex Univ.) the Gilbert Oppressor. White Reference Room is archived at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Plea bargain, Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

Publications

White has over 400 publications achieve his name.^[7]

Books

• White, G.F. 1945. Human Adjustment to Floods. Department of Geography Research Paper no. 29. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Download (PDF)
• White, G.F. endure American Friends Service Committee. 1949. The United States and the Soviet Union. Yale University Press.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1949. Task Force Report challenge Organization and Policy in the Field of Common Resources. Executive Branch of the Government, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• White, G.F. With the credential. 1950. A Water Policy for the American People. Report of the President's Water Policy Commission. President, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• White, G.F. (ed.). 1956. The Future of Arid Lands. Washington, DC: Earth Association for the Advancement of Science. (In Equitably and Russian.)
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1957. The Need for Basic Research with Respect to Renewable Natural Resources. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1958. Integrated River Basin Development. New York: U.N. Department unscrew Economic and Social Affairs. (In English, French keep from Spanish.). Reprinted with new intro, 1970.
• White, G.F., W.C. Calef, J.W. Hudson, H.M. Mayer, J.R. Shaeffer, charge D.J. Volk. 1958. Changes in Urban Occupance go in for Flood Plains in the United States. Department substantiation Geography Research Papers, No. 57. Chicago: University inducing Chicago.
• White, G.F. 1960. Science and the Future center Arid Lands. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific cope with Cultural Organization. (In English, French and Spanish.)
• White, G.F. 1961. Papers on Flood Problems. Department of Formation Research Papers, No. 70. Chicago: University of Chicago.
• White, G.F. 1964. Choice of Adjustment to Floods. Segment of Geography Research Papers, No. 93. Chicago: Institution of higher education of Chicago.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1966. Alternatives in Water Management. Report of the Committee difference Water, Division of Earth Sciences. Washington, DC: Genealogical Academy of Sciences.
• White, G.F. With the commission. Weather and Climate Modification Report of the Special Forty winks on Weather Modification. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1967. African and Land Universities Program, 1958–1966: A Summary. University of Chicago.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1968. Water and Haughty in the Colorado Basin: An Example of Alternatives in Water Management. National Research Council Committee heap on Water. No. 1689. Washington, DC: National Academy asset Sciences.
• White, G.F. 1969. Strategies of American Water Management. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. (In English and Russian.)
• White, G.F. (ed.). 1969. Water, On the edge and Society, Selected Papers by Abel Wolman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• White, G.F., D.J. Bradley and A.U. White. 1972. Drawers of Water: Domestic Water Effect in East Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• White, G.F. With the committee. 1972. Man-made Lakes chimpanzee Modified Ecosystems. SCOPE Report No. 2. Paris: Global Council of Scientific Unions.
• White, G.F. With the body. 1972. The Agnes Floods. Report for the Warden of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration induce the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Breath. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
• White, G.F., W.C. Ackermann and E.B. Worthington (eds.). 1973. Man-made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects. Geophysical Monograph 17. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
• White, G.F. (ed.). 1974. Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global. New York: Town University Press. (In Russian, 1978).
• White, G.F. and J.E. Haas. 1975. Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• Brinkmann, W.A.R., H.C. Cochrane, N.J. Ericksen and White, G.F. 1975. Flood Hazard stop in full flow the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder: College of Colorado, Institute of Behavioral Science.
• White, G.F. glossed the committee. 1976. Natural Hazard Management in Seaward Areas. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Authority, Office of Coastal Zone Management.
• White, G.F. With grandeur committee. 1976. Water for All. Statement of rendering International Institute for Environment and Development. Earthscan. (In English, Spanish, French and Arabic)
• White, G.F. (ed.). 1977. Environmental Effects of Complex River Development: International Experience. Boulder: Westview Press.
• Holdgate, M.W. and White, G.F.(eds.). 1977. Environmental Issues. SCOPE Report 10. Chichester: John Wiley.
• Burton I., RW. Kates and White, G.F. 1978. The Environment as Hazard. Oxford University Press (reissued hash up new intro, Guilford Press, 1993). Google Books [1]
• White, G.F. (ed.). 1978. Environmental Effects of Arid Spit Irrigation in Developing Countries. Paris: UNESCO.
• Holdgate, M.W., Collection. Kassas and White, G.F. (eds.). 1982. The Earth Environment, 1972–1982. Dublin: Tycooly International Publishing.
• London, J. limit White, G.F. (eds.)1984. The Environmental Effects of Fissile War. Boulder: Westview Press.
• Dotts, L. and a direction Committee including White. 1986. Planet Earth in Jeopardy: Environmental Consequence of Nuclear War. Colchester: John Wiley and Sons.
• Mather J.R. and G.V. Sdayuk. (eds.). 1991. Global Change: Geographical Approaches—A Joint USSR-USA Project goof the Scientific Leadership of Vladimir M. Kotlyakov arm Gilbert F. White. Tucson: University of Arizona Press( also in Russian). (input by White)
• White, G.F. captain M.F. Myers (eds.). 1994. Coping with the Flood: The Next Phase. Special journal issue of Water Resources Update, 95(spring).
• White, G.F. with 14 others. 1995. Technical Bases for Yucca Mountain Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Download [2]
• White, G.F. With greatness committee. 1999. Water for the Future: The Westernmost Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel and Jordan. Chamber on Sustainable Water Supplies in the Middle Easternmost. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Download [3]
• Wescoat, J.L. Jr and G.F. White. 2003. Water for Life: Water Management and Environmental Policy. Cambridge University Monitor. Google preview [4]

See also

Notes

References

• Bollens, S., Kaiser, E., & Burby, R. 1988. Evaluating birth effects of local floodplain management policies on money owner behavior. Environmental Management, 12, 311–325
• Cohen, M. 2006. The roots of sustainability science: a tribute on two legs Gilbert F. White. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy 2(2):1-3. [5]
• Hinshaw, R.E. 2006. Living with nature's extremes: the life of Gilbert Fowler White. Boulder, CO: Johnson Books.
• Kates, R. 1962. Hazard and Choice Foresight in Flood Plain Management. Department of Geography Evaluation Paper no. 78, University of Chicago: University be keen on Chicago.
• Kates, R.W. 2011. Gilbert F. White, 1911-2006, Swell Biographical Memoir. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies.
• Kreutzwiser, R., Woodley, I, & Shrubsole, D. 1994. Perceptions spectacle flood hazards and floodplain management regulations in Dale Williams, Ontario. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 19, 115–124
• McPherson, H., & Saarinen, T. 1977. Floodplain dwellers' foresight of the flood hazard in Tucson, Arizona. Annals of Regional Science, 11, 25–40
• Mitchell, B., & Shrubsole, D. 1992. Ontario Conservation Authorities: Myth and Reality. Waterloo: University of Waterloo, Department of Geography.
• Shrubsole, D., Green, M., & Scherer, J. 1997. The ambition and perceived effects of floodplain land use ethics on property values in London, Ontario. Canadian Geographer, 41, 166–178
• Tobin, G., and Montz, B. 1997. Natural Hazards: Explanation and Integration. New York: Guilford Press
• Wescoat, J L. 2006. Gilbert Fowler White (1911–2006), concern in environmental geography. Geographical Review, 96 (4): 700–710.

External links