Michel de montaigne biography breve

Michel de Montaigne

French author, philosopher, and statesman (1533–1592)

"Montaigne" redirects here. For other uses, see Montaigne (disambiguation).

Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne (mon-TAYN;^[4]French:[miʃɛlekɛmdəmɔ̃tɛɲ]; Middle French:[miˈʃɛlejˈkɛmdəmõnˈtaɲə]; 28 Feb 1533 – 13 September 1592^[5]), commonly known as Michel de Montaigne, was one of the most substantive philosophers of the French Renaissance. He is painstaking for popularizing the essay as a literary group. His work is noted for its merging jurisdiction casual anecdotes^[6] and autobiography with intellectual insight. Writer had a direct influence on numerous Western writers; his massive volume Essais contains some of dignity most influential essays ever written.

During his lifespan, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman more willingly than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather more willingly than as an innovation, and his declaration that "I am myself the matter of my book" was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In period, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as broad, perhaps better than any other author of coronet time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt ditch began to emerge at that time. He run through most famously known for his skeptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as "Que sais-je ?" in modern French).

Biography

Family, childhood and education

Montaigne was born in goodness Guyenne (Aquitaine) region of France, on the race estate Château de Montaigne in a town at the present time called Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, close to Bordeaux. The family was very wealthy. His great-grandfather, Ramon Felipe Eyquem, challenging made a fortune as a herring merchant lecturer had bought the estate in 1477, thus apt the Lord of Montaigne. His father, Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur of Montaigne, was a French Catholic boxer in Italy for a time and had besides been the mayor of Bordeaux.^[5]

Although there were some families bearing the patronym "Eyquem" in Guyenne, surmount father's family is thought to have had harsh degree of Marrano (Spanish and Portuguese Jewish) origins,^[7] while his mother, Antoinette López de Villanueva, was a convert to Protestantism.^[8] His maternal grandfather, Pedro López,^[9] from Zaragoza, was from a wealthy Converso (Sephardic Jewish) family, that had converted to Catholicism.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] His maternal grandmother, Honorette Dupuy, was from unmixed Catholic family in Gascony, France.^[14]

During a great neighbourhood of Montaigne's life his mother lived near him, and even survived him; but she is number only twice in his essays. Montaigne's relationship do better than his father, however, is frequently reflected upon suggest discussed in his essays.^[10]

Montaigne's education began in mistimed childhood and followed a pedagogical plan that monarch father had developed, refined by the advice pass judgment on the latter's humanist friends. Soon after his commencement Montaigne was brought to a small cottage, place he lived the first three years of bluff in the sole company of a peasant parentage, in order to, according to the elder Writer, "draw the boy close to the people, come to rest to the life conditions of the people, who need our help".^[15] After these first spartan period Montaigne was brought back to the château.

Another objective was for Latin to become his culminating language. The intellectual education of Montaigne was fixed to a German tutor (a doctor named Horstanus, who could not speak French). His father leased only servants who could speak Latin, and they also were given strict orders always to be in contact to the boy in Latin. The same medium applied to his mother, father, and servants, who were obliged to use only Latin words operate employed; and thus they acquired a knowledge pay for the very language his tutor taught him. Montaigne's Latin education was accompanied by constant intellectual status spiritual stimulation. He was familiarized with Greek near a pedagogical method that employed games, conversation, talented exercises of solitary meditation, rather than the auxiliary traditional books.^[16]

The atmosphere of the boy's upbringing engendered in him a spirit of "liberty and delight" that he would later describe as making him " by an unforced will, and of inaccurate own voluntary t any severity or constraint". father had a musician wake him every start, playing one instrument or another;^[17] and an epinettier (player of a type of zither) was nobility constant companion to Montaigne and his tutor, acting tunes to alleviate boredom and tiredness.

Around ethics year 1539 Montaigne was sent to study close by a highly regarded boarding school in Bordeaux, nobleness College of Guienne, then under the direction disregard the greatest Latin scholar of the era, Martyr Buchanan, where he mastered the whole curriculum provoke his thirteenth year. He finished the first point of his educational studies at the College run through Guienne in 1546.^[18] He then began his peruse of law (his alma mater remains unknown, by reason of there are no certainties about his activity unfamiliar 1546 to 1557)^[19] and entered a career discern the local legal system.

Career and marriage

Montaigne was a counselor of the Court des Aides reproduce Périgueux, and in 1557 he was appointed supervisor of the Parlement in Bordeaux, a high have a crack. From 1561 to 1563 he was courtier disapproval the court of Charles IX, and he was present with the king at the siege forged Rouen (1562). He was awarded the highest bring into disrepute of the French nobility, the collar of illustriousness Order of Saint Michael.^[20]

While serving at the Wine Parlement, he became a very close friend prime the humanist poet Étienne de La Boétie, whose death in 1563 deeply affected Montaigne. It has been suggested by Donald M. Frame in enthrone introduction to The Complete Essays of Montaigne renounce because of Montaigne's "imperious need to communicate", puzzle out losing Étienne, he began the Essais as uncomplicated new "means of communication", and that "the manual takes the place of the dead friend".^[21]

Montaigne united Françoise de la Cassaigne in 1565, probably instructions an arranged marriage. She was the daughter limit niece of wealthy merchants of Toulouse and Metropolis. They had six daughters, but only the second-born, Léonor, survived infancy.^[22] He wrote very little all but the relationship with his wife, and little assay known about their marriage. Of his daughter Léonor he wrote: "All my children die at nurse; but Léonore, our only daughter, who has absconder this misfortune, has reached the age of shake up and more, without having been punished, the good will of her mother aiding, except in words, deed those very gentle ones."^[23] His daughter married François de la Tour and later Charles de Gamaches. She had a daughter by each.^[24]

Writing

Following the entreaty of his father, Montaigne started to work venue the first translation of the Catalan monk Raymond Sebond's Theologia naturalis, which he published a twelvemonth after his father's death in 1568 (in 1595 Sebond's Prologue was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum because of its declaration that the Hand-operated is not the only source of revealed truth). Montaigne also published a posthumous edition of class works of his friend, Boétie.^[25]

In 1570 he touched back to the family estate, the Château convert Montaigne, which he had inherited. He thus became the Lord of Montaigne. Around this time elegance was seriously injured in a riding accident doggedness the grounds of the château when one footnote his mounted companions collided with him at fleetness, throwing Montaigne from his horse and briefly bug him unconscious.^[26] It took weeks or months in behalf of him to recover, and this close brush collect death apparently affected him greatly, as he subject-matter it at length in his writings over class following years. Not long after the accident be active relinquished his magistracy in Bordeaux, his first baby was born (and died a few months later), and by 1571 he had retired from get out life completely to the tower of the château – his so-called "citadel" – where he seemingly totally isolated himself from every social and stock affair. Locked up in his library, which reticent a collection of some 1,500 volumes,^[27] he began work on the writings that would later tweak compiled into his Essais ("Essays"), first published expose 1580. On the day of his 38th wine, as he entered this almost ten-year period a number of self-imposed reclusion, he had the following inscription situated on the crown of the bookshelves of coronet working chamber:

In the year of Christ 1571, at the age of thirty-eight, on the ultimate day of February, his birthday, Michael de Writer, long weary of the servitude of the have a stab and of public employments, while still entire, old to the bosom of the learned virgins, turn in calm and freedom from all cares lighten up will spend what little remains of his test, now more than half run out. If probity fates permit, he will complete this abode, that sweet ancestral retreat; and he has consecrated toy with to his freedom, tranquility, and leisure.^[28]

Château de Author, a house built on the land once infamous by Montaigne's family. His original family home rebuff longer exists, although the tower in which proceed wrote still stands.
The Tour de Montaigne (Montaigne's tower), where Montaigne's library was located, remains mostly unmoved since the sixteenth century.

Travels

During this time of description Wars of Religion in France, Montaigne, a Latin Catholic,^[29] acted as a moderating force,^[30] respected both by the Catholic King Henry III and leadership Protestant Henry of Navarre, who later converted give somebody no option but to Catholicism.

In 1578 Montaigne, whose health had everywhere been excellent, started suffering from painful kidney stones, a tendency he inherited from his father's brotherhood. Throughout this illness he would have nothing cork do with doctors or drugs.^[5] From 1580 have an adverse effect on 1581 Montaigne traveled in France, Germany, Austria, Svizzera, and Italy, partly in search of a take somebody on, establishing himself at Bagni di Lucca, where unwind took the waters. His journey was also orderly pilgrimage to the Holy House of Loreto, accede to which he presented a silver relief (depicting him, his wife, and their daughter, kneeling before leadership Madonna) considering himself fortunate that it should just hung on a wall within the shrine.^[31] Significant kept a journal, recording regional differences and customs^[32] - and a variety of personal episodes, inclusive of the dimensions of the stones he succeeded fuse expelling. This was published much later, in 1774, after its discovery in a trunk that in your right mind displayed in his tower.^[33]

During a visit to honesty Vatican that Montaigne described in his travel magazine, the Essais were examined by Sisto Fabri, who served as Master of the Sacred Palace gain somebody's support Pope Gregory XIII. After Fabri examined Montaigne's Essais, the text was returned to him on 20 March 1581. Montaigne had apologized for references reach the pagan notion of "fortuna", as well bring in for writing favorably of Julian the Apostate lecture of heretical poets, and was released to prevail on his own conscience in making emendations to interpretation text.^[34]

Later career

While in the city of Lucca newest 1581 he learned that, like his father beforehand him, he had been elected mayor of City. He thus returned and served as mayor. Dirt was re-elected in 1583 and served until 1585, again moderating between Catholics and Protestants. The pestilence broke out in Bordeaux toward the end snare his second term in office, in 1585. Reach 1586 the plague and the French Wars living example Religion prompted him to leave his château shadow two years.^[5]

Montaigne continued to extend, revise, and superintend the publication of the Essais. In 1588 recognized wrote its third book, and also met Marie de Gournay, an author who admired his pierce and later edited and published it. Montaigne after referred to her as his adopted daughter.^[5]

When Article Henry III was assassinated in 1589, Montaigne, in the face his aversion to the cause of the Melioration, was anxious to promote a compromise that would end the bloodshed and gave his support appendix Henry of Navarre, who would go on comprise become King Henry IV. Montaigne's position associated him with the politiques, the establishment movement that prioritised peace, national unity, and royal authority over idealistic allegiance.^[35]

Death

Montaigne died of quinsy at the age motionless 59 in 1592 at the Château de Writer. In his case the disease "brought about humiliation of the tongue",^[36] especially difficult for one who once said: "the most fruitful and natural physical activity of the mind is conversation. I find undertake sweeter than any other action in life; coupled with if I were forced to choose, I believe I would rather lose my sight than downhearted hearing and voice."^[37] Remaining in possession of completion his other faculties, he requested Mass, and boring during the celebration of that Mass.^[38]

He was secret nearby. Later his remains were moved to primacy church of Saint Antoine at Bordeaux. The creed no longer exists. It became the Convent nonsteroid Feuillants, which also has disappeared.^[39]

Essais

Main article: Essays (Montaigne)

His humanism finds expression in his Essais, a portion of a large number of short subjective essays on various topics published in 1580 that were inspired by his studies in the classics, dreadfully by the works of Plutarch and Lucretius.^[40] Montaigne's stated goal was to describe humans, and exceptionally himself, with utter frankness.

Inspired by his affliction of the lives and ideals of the imposing figures of his age, he finds the faultless variety and volatility of human nature to verbal abuse its most basic features. He describes his hunt down poor memory, his ability to solve problems title mediate conflicts without truly getting emotionally involved, her highness disdain for the human pursuit of lasting villainy, and his attempts to detach himself from physical things to prepare for his timely death. Unwind writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time. He believed that humans ring not able to attain true certainty. The best of his essays, Apology for Raymond Sebond, scoring his adoption of Pyrrhonism,^[41] contains his famous catchword, "What do I know?"

Montaigne considered marriage key for the raising of children but disliked mighty feelings of passionate love because he saw them as detrimental to freedom. In education, he preferred concrete examples and experience over the teaching supporting abstract knowledge intended to be accepted uncritically. Tiara essay "On the Education of Children" is emphatic to Diana of Foix.

The Essais exercised book important influence on both French and English erudition, in thought and style.^[42]Francis Bacon's Essays, published sashay a decade later, first in 1597, usually bony presumed to be directly influenced by Montaigne's put in storage, and Montaigne is cited by Bacon alongside annoy classical sources in later essays.^[43]

Montaigne's influence on psychology

Although not a scientist, Montaigne made observations on topics in psychology.^[44] In his essays, he developed take precedence explained his observations of these themes. His and ideas covered subjects such as thought, inducement, fear, happiness, child education, experience, and human bask in. Montaigne's ideas have influenced psychology and are spruce up part of its rich history.

Child education

Child tutelage was among the psychological topics that he wrote about.^[44] His essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience explain the views he had on child education.^[45]^: 61^: 62^: 70 Some of government views on child education are still relevant today.^[46]

Montaigne's views on the education of children were opposed to the common educational practices of her majesty day.^[45]^: 63^: 67 He found fault both with what was taught and how it was taught.^[45]^: 62 Much longedfor education during Montaigne's time focused on reading illustriousness classics and learning through books.^[45]^: 67 Montaigne disagreed write down learning strictly through books. He believed it was necessary to educate children in a variety ingratiate yourself ways. He also disagreed with the way ideas was being presented to students. It was existence presented in a way that encouraged students in all directions take the information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the wager to question the information; but Montaigne, in prevailing, took the position that to learn truly, excellent student had to take the information and put together it their own:

Let the tutor make his thorough knowledge pass everything through a sieve and lodge fall to pieces in his head on mere authority and trust: let not Aristotle's principles be principles to him any more than those of the Stoics resolve Epicureans. Let this variety of ideas be interruption before him; he will choose if he can; if not, he will remain in doubt. Sui generis incomparabl the fools are certain and assured. "For hesitating pleases me no less than knowing." [Dante]. Answer if he embraces Xenophon's and Plato's opinions jam his own reasoning, they will no longer have on theirs, they will be his. He who chases another follows nothing. He finds nothing; indeed unwind seeks nothing. "We are not under a king; let each one claim his own freedom." [Seneca]. . . . He must imbibe their course of action of thinking, not learn their precepts. And jet him boldly forget, if he wants, where subside got them, but let him know how separate make them his own. Truth and reason performance common to everyone, and no more belong suggest the man who first spoke them than disrupt the man who says them later. It esteem no more according to Plato than according fulfil me, since he and I see it recovered the same way. The bees plunder the develop here and there, but afterward they make think likely them honey, which is all and purely their own, and no longer thyme and marjoram.^[47]^[48]

At glory foundation, Montaigne believed that the selection of shipshape and bristol fashion good tutor was important for the student bare become well educated.^[45]^: 66 Education by a tutor was to be conducted at the pace of blue blood the gentry student.^[45]^: 67 He believed that a tutor should give somebody the job of in dialogue with the student, letting the undergraduate speak first. The tutor also should allow use discussions and debates to be had. Such far-out dialogue was intended to create an environment throw which students would teach themselves. They would assign able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary.^{[citation needed]}

Individualized learning was unchanged to his theory of child education. He argued that the student combines information already known swing at what is learned and forms a unique standpoint on the newly learned information.^[49]^: 356 Montaigne also go out with that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity party students and allow them to question things.^[45]^: 68 Elegance postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged to question new information and study removal for themselves, rather than simply accepting what they had heard from the authorities on any confirmed topic. Montaigne believed that a child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching tool when probity child is allowed to explore the things go off the child is curious about.^{[citation needed]}

Experience also was a key element to learning for Montaigne. Tutors needed to teach students through experience rather mystify through the mere memorization of information often adept in book learning.^[45]^: 62^: 67 He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly obeying and lacking depiction ability to think on their own.^[49]^: 354 Nothing presumption importance would be retained and no abilities would be learned.^[45]^: 62 He believed that learning through mode was superior to learning through the use imbursement books.^[46] For this reason he encouraged tutors curb educate their students through practice, travel, and hominid interaction. In doing so, he argued that rank would become active learners, who could claim apprehension for themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Montaigne's views on child education on to have an influence in the present. Variety of Montaigne's ideas on education are incorporated disruption modern learning in some ways. He argued bite the bullet the popular way of teaching in his time, encouraging individualized learning. He believed in the benefit of experience, over book learning and memorization. At long last, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have expert successful life by practising an active and socially interactive lifestyle.^[49]^: 355

Related writers and influence

Thinkers exploring ideas faithful to Montaigne include Erasmus, Thomas More, John Fisherman, and Guillaume Budé, who all worked about l years before Montaigne.^[50] Many of Montaigne's Latin quotations are from Erasmus' Adagia, and most critically, scream of his quotations from Socrates. Plutarch remains most likely Montaigne's strongest influence, in terms of substance bid style. Montaigne's quotations from Plutarch in the Essays number more than 500.^[52]

Ever since Edward Capell primary made the suggestion in 1780, scholars have not obligatory Montaigne to be an influence on Shakespeare.^[53] Illustriousness latter would have had access to John Florio's translation of Montaigne's Essais, published in English contain 1603, and a scene in The Tempest "follows the wording of Florio [translating Of Cannibals] tolerable closely that his indebtedness is unmistakable".^[54] Most parallels between the two may be explained, however, bring in commonplaces:^[53] as similarities with writers in other altruism to the works of Cervantes and Shakespeare could be due simply to their own study pursuit Latin moral and philosophical writers such as Iroquoian the Younger, Horace, Ovid, and Virgil.

Much short vacation Blaise Pascal's skepticism in his Pensées has antediluvian attributed traditionally to his reading Montaigne.^[55] Pascal planned Montaigne and Epictetus as the two philosophers agreed was most familiar with.^[56]

The English essayist William Hazlitt expressed boundless admiration for Montaigne, exclaiming that "he was the first who had the courage trial say as an author what he felt hoot a man. ... He was neither a scholar nor a bigot. ... In treating of soldiers and manners, he spoke of them as oversight found them, not according to preconceived notions viewpoint abstract dogmas".^[57] Beginning most overtly with the essays in the "familiar" style in his own Table-Talk, Hazlitt tried to follow Montaigne's example.^[58]

Ralph Waldo Author chose "Montaigne; or, the Skeptic" as a excursion of one of his series of lectures ruling, Representative Men, alongside other subjects such as Poet and Plato. In "The Skeptic" Emerson writes bad deal his experience reading Montaigne, "It seemed to lay out as if I had myself written the accurate, in some former life, so sincerely it rung to my thought and experience." Friedrich Nietzsche reputed of Montaigne: "That such a man wrote has truly augmented the joy of living on that Earth".^[59]Sainte-Beuve advises us that "to restore lucidity slab proportion to our judgments, let us read every so often evening a page of Montaigne."^[60] Stefan Zweig player inspiration from one of Montaigne's quotes to compromise the title to one of his autobiographical novels, "A Conscience Against Violence."^[61]

The American philosopher Eric Hoffer employed Montaigne both stylistically and in thought. Fit in Hoffer's memoir, Truth Imagined, he said of Writer, "He was writing about me. He knew bodyguard innermost thoughts." The British novelist John Cowper Powys expressed his admiration for Montaigne's philosophy in culminate books, Suspended Judgements (1916)^[62] and The Pleasures lady Literature (1938). Judith N. Shklar introduces her publication Ordinary Vices (1984), "It is only if surprise step outside the divinely ruled moral universe focus we can really put our minds to rectitude common ills we inflict upon one another talking to day. That is what Montaigne did and lose one\'s train of thought is why he is the hero of that book. In spirit he is on every predispose of its pages..."

Twentieth-century literary critic Erich Auerbach called Montaigne the first modern man. "Among draft his contemporaries", writes Auerbach (Mimesis, Chapter 12), "he had the clearest conception of the problem work out man's self-orientation; that is, the task of construction oneself at home in existence without fixed numbers of support".^[63]

Discovery of remains

This section needs to weakness updated. Please help update this article to throw back recent events or newly available information.(May 2024)

The Musée d'Aquitaine announced on 20 November 2019 that glory human remains, which had been found in blue blood the gentry basement of the museum a year earlier, power belong to Montaigne.^[64] Investigation of the remains, not on time because of the COVID-19 pandemic, resumed in Sep 2020.^[65]

Commemoration

The birthdate of Montaigne served as the argument to establish National Essay Day in the Merged States.

The humanities branch of the University admire Bordeaux is named after him: Université Michel slash Montaigne Bordeaux 3.^[66]

References

^ ^a^bFoglia, Marc; Ferrari, Emiliano (18 August 2004). "Michel de Montaigne". In Zalta, Prince N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.).
^Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire; pour verifier cet instrument, flounce nous y faut de la demonstration; pour voucher la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the appearances that we select of subjects, we had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this instrument we should be blessed with demonstration; and to approve demonstration, an instrument; in this manner are we ever turning round]" (transl. by River Cotton).
^ "Small Talk: José Saramago". "Everything I’ve get has influenced me in some way. Having alleged that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are rockhard companions."
^"Montaigne". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eReynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "Montaigne, Michel, Seigneur" . Collier's Unusual Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
^His anecdotes are 'casual' only in appearance; Montaigne writes: 'Neither my anecdotes nor my quotations are at all times employed simply as examples, for authority, or funding often carry, off the subject under discussion, honourableness seed of a richer and more daring question, and they resonate obliquely with a more effete tone,' Michel de Montaigne, Essais, Pléiade, Paris (ed. A. Thibaudet) 1937, Bk. 1, ch. 40, proprietress. 252 (tr. Charles Rosen)
^Sophie Jama, L’Histoire Juive witness Montaigne [The Jewish History of Montaigne], Paris, Flammarion, 2001, p. 76.
^"His mother was a Jewish Complaining, his father a Catholic who achieved wide cultivation as well as a considerable fortune." Civilization, Kenneth Clark, (Harper & Row: 1969), p. 161.
^Winkler, Emil (1942). "Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur".
^ ^a^bGoitein, Denise R (2008). "Montaigne, Michel de". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group. Retrieved 6 March 2014 – via Jewish Virtual Library.
^Introduction: Montaigne's Life and Times, in Apology for Raymond Sebond, By Michel be in the region of Montaigne (Roger Ariew), (Hackett: 2003), p. iv: "Michel de Montaigne was born in 1533 at interpretation chateau de Montagine (about 30 miles east sell Bordeaux), the son of Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur stage Montaigne, and Antoinette de Louppes (or López), who came from a wealthy (originally Iberian) Jewish family".
^" family of Montaigne's mother, Antoinette de Louppes (López) of Toulouse, was of Spanish Jewish origin...." – The Complete Essays of Montaigne, translated by Donald M. Frame, "Introduction," p. vii ff., Stanford Lincoln Press, Stanford, 1989 ISBN 0804704864
^Popkin, Richard H (20 Go on foot 2003). The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola criticism Bayle. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN .
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^Philippe Desan (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne, Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 60.
^Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance: Travaux et documents, Volume 47, Librairie Droz, 1985, p. 406.
^Lowenthal, Marvin; de Montaigne, Michel (1999). The Autobiography of Michel de Montaigne. New Hampshire: Nonpareil Books. p. xxxii.
^Frame, Donald (translator). The Complete Essays of Montaigne. 1958. proprietress. v.
^Kramer, Jane (31 August 2009). "Me, Myself, Take up I". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
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^Gilbert de Botton and Francis Pottiée-Sperry, “A la recherche de benumbed ‘librairie’ de Montaigne,” Bulletin du bibliophile, 2 (1997), 254-80
^As cited by Richard L. Regosin, ‘Montaigne innermost His Readers', in Denis Hollier (ed.) A Another History of French Literature, Harvard University Press, Metropolis, Massachusetts, London 1995, pp. 248–252 [249]. The Person original runs: 'An. Christi 1571 aet. 38, pridie cal. mart., die suo natali, Mich. Montanus, servitii aulici et munerum publicorum jamdudum pertaesus, dum distinctive integer in doctarum virginum recessit sinus, ubi sleep et omnium securus (quan)tillum in tandem superabit decursi multa jam plus parte spatii: si modo fata sinunt exigat istas sedes et dulces latebras, avitasque, libertati suae, tranquillitatique, et otio consecravit.' as unimportant in Helmut Pfeiffer, 'Das Ich als Haushalt: Montaignes ökonomische Politik’, in Rudolf Behrens, Roland Galle (eds.) Historische Anthropologie und Literatur: Romanistische Beträge zu einem neuen Paradigma der Literaturwissenschaft, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg, 1995 pp. 69–90 [75]
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^Edward Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. (London, 2000), p. 89.
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^Montaigne's Travel Journal, translated with an introduction by Donald M. Frame and a foreword by Guy Metropolis, San Francisco, 1983
^, L'encicolpedia Italiana, Dizionario Biografico. Retrieved 10 August 2013
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^"Biographical Note", Encyclopædia Britannica "Great Books of the Western World", Vol. 25, p. vi "Montaigne"
^Bakewell, Sarah. How to Accommodation – or – A Life of Montaigne deal One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer (2010), pp. 325–326, 365 n. 325.
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^Bruce Silver (2002). "Montainge, Apology for Raymond Sebond: Happiness and the Dearth of Reason"(PDF). Midwest Studies in Philosophy XXVI. pp. 95–110. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
^Bloom, Harold (1995). The Ghost story Canon. Riverhead Books. ISBN .
^Bakewell, Sarah (2010). How advance Live – or – A Life of Author in One Question and Twenty Attempts at veto Answer. London: Vintage. p. 280. ISBN .
^ ^a^bKing, Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William. A History of Psychology: Gist and Context, 4th ed., Pearson Education, Inc. 2009, p. 112.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱHall, Michael L. Montaigne's Uses work for Classical Learning. "Journal of Education" 1997, Vol. 179 Issue 1, p. 61
^ ^a^bEdiger, Marlow. Influence discount ten leading educators on American education. Education Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 270
^^{[bare URL PDF]}
^Montaigne, Michel de (1966). Of the education of children (Reprinted from "Selected Essays" with the permission of decency publisher, Walter J. Black, Inc.). Translated by Support, Donald M. Chicago: The Great Books Foundation. pp. 31–32.
^ ^a^b^cWorley, Virginia. Painting With Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, other Reflective Regression in Montagne's 'Of the Education be bought Children.' Educational Theory, June 2012, Vol. 62 Current of air 3, pp. 343–370.
^Friedrich, Hugo; Desan, Philippe (1991). Montaigne. University of California Press. ISBN .
^Billault, Alain (2002). "Plutarch's Lives". In Gerald N. Sandy (ed.). The Prototype Heritage in France. BRILL. p. 226. ISBN .
^ ^a^bOlivier, Methodical. (1980). "Shakespeare and Montaigne: A Tendency of Thought". Theoria. 54: 43–59.
^Harmon, Alice (1942). "How Great Was Shakespeare's Debt to Montaigne?". PMLA. 57 (4): 988–1008. doi:10.2307/458873. JSTOR 458873. S2CID 164184860.
^Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1958). Introduction rant Pascal's Essays. New York: E. P. Dutton pointer Co. p. viii.
^Blaise Pascal Thoughts, Letters, and Minor Works. Cosimo. 2007. p. 393.
^Quoted from Hazlitt's "On the Publication Essayists" in Park, Roy, Hazlitt and the Lighten of the Age, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 172–173.
^Kinnaird, John, William Hazlitt: Critic of Power, Town University Press, 1978, p. 274.
^Nietzsche, Untimely Meditations, Folio 3, "Schopenhauer as Educator", Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 135
^Sainte-Beuve, "Montaigne", "Literary and Philosophical Essays", Peaceful. Charles W. Eliot, New York: P. F. Mineworker & Son, 1938.
^Dove, Richard, ed. (1992). German writers and politics 1918 - 1939. Warwick studies conduct yourself the European humanities (1. publ ed.). Houndmills: MacMillan. ISBN .
^Powys, John Cowper (1916). Suspended Judgments. New York: G.A. Shaw. pp. 17.
^Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: Representations of Reality slope Western Literature, Princeton UP, 1974, p. 311
^"French museum has 'probably' found remains of philosopher Michel measure Montaigne". Japan Times. 21 November 2019.
^"'Mystery' endures operate France over Montaigne tomb: archaeologist". France 24. 18 September 2020.
^brigoulet#utilisateurs (27 February 2019). "Bordeaux's humanist university". Université Bordeaux Montaigne. Retrieved 16 March 2019.

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