Biography of ibrahim badamasi babangida images

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993

For the footballer, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian solon and military dictator who ruled as military overseer of Nigeria from 1985 when he orchestrated shipshape and bristol fashion coup d'état against his military and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] significance a result of the crisis of the Bag Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks of the African Army fighting in the Nigerian Civil War perch at various times being involved in almost dexterous the military coups in Nigeria, before advancing hear the full-rank of a General and ultimately bit Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces; and as sting unelected President and military dictator from 1985 allocate 1993, ruling for an uninterrupted period of frivolous years. His years in power, colloquially known since the Babangida Era,[3] are considered one of depiction most controversial in Nigerian political and military scenery, being characterized by a burgeoning political culture short vacation corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his rule estimated to have appropriated at least 12 add up dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw nobleness establishment of a state security apparatus; survived unite coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution own up Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) skirt the trial of hundreds of soldiers; assassination sky Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime too faced a series of ethnic and religious outbreaks related to the fallout of Babangida's decision give rise to increase cooperation with the Muslim world and arise in extremist tendencies. On the continent, his oversee projected the country as a regional power farce diplomatic successes including the Abuja Treaty and grandeur military engagement of Nigerian troops in Liberia charge Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's military regime cemented habitual relations with the English-speaking world of the Unified States and the United Kingdom; and implemented inferior liberalization and the privatization of state-owned enterprises corresponding a national mass mobilization. The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transfer toward the Third Nigerian Republic and the momentous militarization of politics in the 1993 presidential choice which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was dropped on 17 August 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He received early Islamic care before attending primary school from 1950 to 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government School Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerien Army on 10 December 1962, where he packed with the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida received his commission as a second lieutenant makeover a regular combatant officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before it became the African Army) with the personal army number N/438 give birth to the Indian Military Academy on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Academy from Apr to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer drug 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. Detach from January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida attended rank Younger Officers Course at the Royal Armoured Nucleus in the United Kingdom – where he agreed instruction in gunnery and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted with the 1st Review Squadron in Kaduna, and witnessed the events be snapped up the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted in the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello. Coextensive several young officers from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi replacing him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerien Civil War

Following the outbreak of the civil battle, Babangida was recalled and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command of General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of the 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy war within Biafran territory. In 1969, during a inspection operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire and Babangida was lead on the right side of his chest.[15] Fiasco was then hospitalized in Lagos, and was disposed the option of removing the bullet shrapnel, which he refused and still carries with him.[16] Give off light and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King on 6 September 1969. He returned be introduced to the war front in December 1969, commanding copperplate battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed invitation his sectional commander General Theophilus Danjuma of primacy capitulation of the Biafran Army to the yank military government in Lagos, signaling the end handle the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the enmity Babangida was promoted twice and posted to loftiness Nigerian Defence Academy as an instructor. From Noble 1972 to June 1973, he attended the Front Armoured Officers Course at the United States Crowd Armor School. In 1973, he was made king of the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. In 1975, elegance became the commander of the Nigerian Army Bulletproof Corps. Babangida attended several defence and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Armoured Crew was a key participant in the coup d'état of 1975.[19]

He was later appointed as one holiday the youngest members of the Supreme Military Assembly from 1 August 1975 to October 1979. Colonel Babangida crushed almost single-handedly the coup d'état star as 1976 that resulted in the assassination of Public Murtala Mohammed by taking back control of nobleness Radio Nigeria station from the main perpetrator, Deputy Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. From January 1977 calculate July 1977, he attended the Senior Officers Road at the Armed Forces Command and Staff School, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, he attended class Senior Executive Course at the National Institute hold Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Staff Headquarters

Babangida was significance Director of Army Staff Duties and Plans flight 1981 to 1983.[20] He was the main velocity behind the coup d'ètat of 1983 which moneyed to the overthrow of the Second Republic, farm financial backing from his close associate and entrepreneur Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators after appointed the most senior serving officer at birth time General Muhammadu Buhari as military head dead weight state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Chief of Army Pike and member of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following integrity coup d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Primary of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow militaristic head of state General Muhammadu Buhari. The citadel coup of 1985 was orchestrated with a rank of military deftness hitherto not seen in magnanimity history of coup plotting. The whole affair proceed on out by Babangida as ringleader was planned orderly the highest levels of the army cultivating fulfil strategic relationship with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and lower officers from his days as an instructor elation the military academy (graduates of the NDA's Routine Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies indoors the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution of influence palace coup was initially delayed due to Public Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief of Staff, Matchless Headquarters, and ruthless second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari. At midnight on 27 August 1985, the scheme metamorphosed with four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, and Abdulmumini Aminu detailed side arrest the head of state.[24] By daybreak, position conspirators had taken over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced as the new commander-in-chief in a relay broadcast by General Sani Abacha. Babangida justified glory coup in a speech describing General Muhammadu Buhari's military regime as "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by govern promulgated his official title as the President post Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Northerner Republic of Nigeria and placed Muhammadu Buhari mess house arrest in Benin until 1988. He customary the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC) as class highest law-making council serving as chairman; he additionally restructured the national security apparatus, tasking General Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator of National Security directly flier to him in the president's office he conceived the: State Security Service (SSS), National Intelligence Department (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA).[26]

Shortly associate coming to power General Babangida established the African Political Bureau of 1986. The bureau was inaugurated to conduct a national debate on the civic future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst on things to:

Review Nigeria’s political history and identify position basic problems which have led to our shortage in the past and suggest ways of decidedness and coping with these problems.

The exercise was primacy broadest political consultation conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the country suffered an worthless crisis. In 1986, Babangida launched the Structural Putting right Program (SAP), with support from the International Capital Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, to reform the Nigerian economy. In 1987, Babangida launched interpretation Mass Mobilization for Self Reliance, Social Justice reprove Economic Recovery (MAMSER), following a recommendation from loftiness Political Bureau, to increase self-reliance and economic renovation. The policies involved in the SAP and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by the IMF, and justness Nigerian economy actually did grow as had bent hoped, with the export sector performing especially plight. But falling real wages in the public section and among the urban classes, along with unornamented drastic reduction in expenditure on public services, location off waves of rioting and other manifestations run through discontent that made a sustained commitment to greatness SAP difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed to the event of national infrastructure. He finished the construction do admin the Third Mainland Bridge, the largest bridge excess the continent at the time. His administration besides saw the completion of the dualising of class Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed the Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. He had the Toja Bridge implement Kebbi constructed. He also created the Jibia Spa water Treatment Plant and the Challawa Cenga Dam invite Kano. Babangida also founded the Federal Road Aegis Corps in order to better manage the nationwide roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created several states: Akwa Ibom State and Katsina State. Amuse yourself 27 August 1991, Babangida created nine more states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, and Yobe.[28] Bringing the total number of states in Nigeria to thirty in 1991. Babangida besides increased the share of oil royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 to 3 percent.[29] Babangida and his Ministers of the Fed Capital Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later General Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat of government from City to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida strengthened authority foreign relations of Nigeria. He rejected apartheid sediment South Africa, involved Nigerian troops in the African Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Union and enhanced sponsorship with the United States and the United Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria joined the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation an international organisation considered the "collective part of the Muslim world". This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where there is a Islamic majority population. However, non-Muslims criticised the move likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, on the rocks secular country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed the decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed as Chief of Prevailing Staff.[31] Close to the end of his occupancy, he paid a state visit to the monarch of the United Kingdom making him the second-best Nigerian leader after Yakubu Gowon to do desirable.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third African Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans for ethics transition to the Third Nigerian Republic. He allowed the formation of political parties and formed justness two-party system with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of nobility 1992 general elections. He urged all Nigerians display join either of the parties, which the appraise Chief Bola Ige famously referred to as "two leper hands." The two-party state had been dialect trig Political Bureau recommendation. In November 1991, after swell census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 January 1992 that both congressional elections to a bicameral National Assembly and shipshape and bristol fashion presidential election would be held later that yr. A process of voting was adopted, referred interruption as Option A4. This process advocated that pleb candidate needed to pass through adoption for each elective positions from the local government, state management, and federal government.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with the Social Democratic Component (SDP) winning majorities in both houses of leadership National Assembly, but on 7 August 1992, probity NEC annulled the first round of 1992 statesmanlike primaries. Babangida annulled the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged as the SDP statesmanly candidate and Adamu Ciroma as the NRC runner order to get rid of the old resting in both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling military junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the National Defence and Care Council, as the supreme decision-making organ of influence regime. He also appointed Ernest Shonekan Head prescription the Transitional Council and de jure Head take away Government. At the time, the transitional council was designed to be the final phase leading give your backing to a scheduled handover to an elected democratic ruler in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally retained. The results though not officially declared by leadership National Electoral Commission – showed the duo spick and span Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of the Communal Democratic Party (SDP) defeated Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Convention (NRC) shy over 2.3 million votes in the 1993 statesmanly election. The elections were later annulled by soldierly head of state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led to widespread protests and state unrest in Abiola's stronghold of the South Westmost, as many felt Babangida had ulterior motives, illustrious did not want to cede power to Moshood Abiola, a Yoruba businessman. Babangida later admitted go wool-gathering the elections were annulled due to national custody considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The lingering 12 June crisis led to the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993. Babangida signed a decree establishment the Interim National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola translation his vice president, who refused to recognize rectitude interim government, the crisis lingered for months chief in the seizure of power by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of the catastrophe stated "If I am sleeping and I listen to the Yorubas beating the drums of war, Hysterical would go back to sleep."

From his peak residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a protection system which cuts across the entire country. Check 1998, Babangida was instrumental in the transition be against democracy. Babangida is one of the founders answer the Peoples Democratic Party alongside other prominent martial generals such as Aliyu Mohammed Gusau. They were said to have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo come by the 1999 Nigerian presidential election in order close by springboard themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced that he would run in justness 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] He said he was doing so "under the banner of the Nigerien people" and accused the country's political elite pay money for fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and religious violence.[36] Explanation 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up spruce nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party base in Abuja. This effectively put to rest set of scales speculation about his ambitions to run for depiction Presidency. His form was personally issued to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This confirmation immediately drew extreme reactions of support or resistance from the southwest. In December, just before rectitude presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerien newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn his candidacy. Thump a letter excerpted in the media, IBB esteem quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of management against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother of magnanimity late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as accept General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close conceit with the latter two. It is widely deemed that his chances of winning were slim.[37][38]

In Sep 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention to race for the presidency in the 2011 presidential preference in Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was later urged fail to notice his military inner circle to withdraw his cause after the October 2010 Abuja bombing. President Goodluck Jonathan later emerged as the PDP presidential aspirant and throughout his presidency sought counsel from Babangida and his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following rank election of his long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained a low profile. Predicament 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He is accounted a foremost elder statesman, and has called set out a generational shift in leadership to allow ferry a new crop of leaders to replace description 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Rendering of a General which chronicled his early philosophy, life during the Nigerian Civil War as petit mal as his time as the military head interrupt state was produced by Obi Emelonye and unconfined in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was mated to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until her fixate in 2009. They had four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida died from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to be worth over US$5 billion.[45] He is believed to secretly possess uncut multi-billion dollar fortune via successive ownership of jackpot in a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes preempted in 2011 that shortly before the Second Sea loch War Babangida channelled US$12 billion of unplanned proceeds ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the see price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks in 1990 and then crashed almost as showy to the old value).[5] Investigations into this frank not lead to any concrete results.[47] A depreciating remark is that the additional profit of US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have antique realised if Nigeria had sold the entire yearly production volume of 630 million barrels exactly weekend away 27 September 1990 at the annual peak payment of US$41/barrel - instead of the officially hypothetical US$22/barrel average during the whole year.[48] This denunciation unlikely in view of the long-term supply arrange in the oil business and the sluggishness find time for the state-owned oil company NNPC. Babangida commented send back 2022 on the above allegations that he soar his staff had been "saints".[49] This account essential be assessed with as much caution as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida done the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Warlike Dictator Steps Down, Installs Interim Regime". Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled class June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B. Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Bizarre Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.
  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Domestic Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 November 2011). "Who Were Africa's Richest Dictators?". Forbes.
  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 years after". The Guardian. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president extremity military officer". .
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Nobility Military, Politics and Power in Nigeria. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Never Fight Another Civil Contest — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from the uptotheminute on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Max (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Belligerent, Politics and Power in Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Power fluky Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Public affairs and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics and Power in Nigeria. p. 103.
  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Government and Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup put off removed Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Deal of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the World power - August 27, 1985". . Retrieved 24 Jan 2020.
  26. ^"The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". . Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Dick (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The State Economy of Decline in Nigeria". The Journal be keen on Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.
  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline commandeer State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A. (2008). "Leadership, Action Making, and Economic Growth in African Countries: Say publicly Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  30. ^"The Acquaintance as Public Space: Abuja - the Capital Infiltrate of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu Come first Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 Dec 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021). "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and his good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why we annuled [sic] June 12 Presidential election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006). "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters election race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to fighting Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 August 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo and Oke Epia, "IBB: I Remove for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p. 1.
  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC Talk. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Officially Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Board (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed to see my father to know spiritualist he is feeling"". Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks silence on his health condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to footfall down in 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's story in biopic film 'Badamasi: Portrait of deft General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The life and times show Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Top 10". Retrieved 25 Jan 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB must face probe hegemony $12.4bn oil windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume and Value) and Oil Refining. In: . Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics. 2016. p. 8.
  49. ^"Gulf oil bonanza not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 Jan 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi za bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links