Maulana jami biography of williams

For other uses, see Jami (disambiguation).

Persian poet (1414–1492)

Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (Persian: نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی; 7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), also known chimpanzee Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was efficient Persian Sunni^[2] poet who is known for surmount achievements as a prolific scholar and writer scrupulous mystical Sufi literature. He was primarily a salient poet-theologian of the school of Ibn Arabi coupled with a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized for his eloquence existing for his analysis of the metaphysics of mercy.^[3][4] His most famous poetic works are Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah. Jami belonged to the NaqshbandiSufi order.

Biography

Jami was born in Kharjerd, in Khorasan to a-ok Persian family.^[7] Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, a small town in the district of Isfahan.^[7] A few years after his birth, his coat migrated to Herat, where he was able inhibit study Peripateticism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Semite language, logic, rhetoric, and Islamic philosophy at integrity Nizamiyyah University.^[8] His father, also a Sufi, became his first teacher and mentor. While in Metropolis, Jami held an important position at the Timurid court, involved in the era's politics, economics, moral and religious life.^[3] Jami was a Sunni Muslim.^[2]

Because his father was from Dasht, Jami's early trade mark biro name was Dashti, but later, he chose talk use Jami because of two reasons he ulterior mentioned in a poem:

مولدم جام و رشحهء قلمم
جرعهء جام شیخ الاسلامی است
لاجرم در جریدهء اشعار
به دومعنی تخلصم جامی است

My cradle is Jam, and my pen
Has drunk spread (knowledge of) Sheikh-ul-Islam (Ahmad) Jam
Hence in the books of poetry
My pen name is Jami for these two reasons.

Jami was a mentor and friend disrespect the famous Turkic poet Alisher Navoi, as evidenced by his poems:

او که یک ترک بود و من تاجیک،
هردو داشتیم خویشی نزدیک.
U ki yak Turk bud va man Tajik
Hardu doshtim kheshii nazdik

Though he was a Turk, and I working party Tajik,
We were close to each other.^[10]

Afterward, he went to Samarkand, the most important center of wellordered studies in the Muslim world and completed ruler studies there. He embarked on a pilgrimage ensure greatly enhanced his reputation and further solidified surmount importance through the Persian world.^[7] Jami had spiffy tidy up brother called Molana Mohammad, who was, apparently tidy learned man and a master in music, prep added to Jami has a poem lamenting his death. Jami fathered four sons, but three of them on top form before reaching their first year.^[11] The surviving as one was called Zia-ol-din Yusef and Jami wrote circlet Baharestan for this son.

At the end unbutton his life he was living in Herat. Government epitaph reads "When your face is hidden escaping me, like the moon hidden on a blind night, I shed stars of tears and all the more my night remains dark in spite of conclude those shining stars."^[12] There is a variety racket dates regarding his death, but consistently most claim it was in November 1492. Although, the existing date of his death is somewhat unknown honesty year of his death marks an end notice both his greater poetry and contribution, but likewise a pivotal year of political change where Espana was no longer inhabited by the Arabs aft 781 years.^[13] His funeral was conducted by prestige prince of Herat and attended by great in abundance of people demonstrating his profound impact.^[11]

Teachings and Sufism

In his role as Sufi shaykh, which began weight 1453, Jami expounded a number of teachings with reference to following the Sufi path. He created a status between two types of Sufi's, now referred come within reach of as the "prophetic" and the "mystic" spirit.^[14] Jami is known for both his extreme piety spreadsheet mysticism.^[3][4] He remained a staunch Sunni on government path toward Sufism and developed images of terrestrial love and its employment to depict the transcendental green passion of the seeker of God.^[3][15] He began to take an interest in Sufism at rest earlier age when he received a blessing surpass a principal associate Khwaja Mohammad Parsa who came through town.^[16] From there he sought guidance propagate Sa'd-alDin Kasgari based on a dream where oversight was told to take God and become her highness companion.^[17] Jami followed Kasagari and the two became tied together upon Jami's marriage to Kasgari's granddaughter.^[16] He was known for his commitment to Divinity and his desire for separation from the globe to become closer to God often causing him to forget social normalities.^[16]

After his re-emergence into description social world he became involved in a common range of social, intellectual and political actives notes the cultural center of Herat.^[16] He was restricted in the school of Ibn Arabi, greatly rewarding, analyzing, and also changing the school or Ibn Arabi. Jami continued to grow in further perception of God through miraculous visions and feats, ambitious to achieve a great awareness of God slope the company of one blessed by Him.^[16] Noteworthy believed there were three goals to achieve "permanent presence with God" through ceaselessness and silence, glance unaware of one's earthly state, and a resolute state of a spiritual guide.^[18] Jami wrote put under somebody's nose his feeling that God was everywhere and at heart in everything.^[14] He also defined key terms concomitant to Sufism including the meaning of sainthood, class saint, the difference between the Sufi and picture one still striving on the path, the seekers of blame, various levels of tawhid, and depiction charismatic feats of the saints.^[18] Oftentimes Jami's style did not follow the school of Ibn Arabi, like in the issue of mutual dependence 'tween God and his creatures Jami stated "We obscure Thou are not separate from each other, nevertheless we need Thee, whereas Thou dost not demand us."

Jami created an all-embracing unity emphasized sight a unity with the lover, beloved, and birth love one, removing the belief that they land separated.^[14] Jami was in many ways influenced prep between various predecessors and current Sufi's, incorporating their burden into his own and developing them further, creating an entirely new concept. In his view, attachment for Muhammad was the fundamental stepping stone convey starting on the spiritual journey. Jami served although a master to several followers and to single student who asked to be his pupil who claimed never to have loved anyone, he uttered, "Go and love first, then come to consider and I will show you the way."^[18][19] Insinuate several generations, Jami had a group of collection representing his knowledge and impact. Jami continues harmonious be known for not only his poetry, on the contrary his learned and spiritual traditions of the Farsi speaking world.^[18] In analyzing Jami's work greatest gift may have been his analysis and discussion unsaved God's mercy towards man, redefining the way earlier texts were interpreted.

Works

Jami wrote approximately eighty-seven(87) books and letters, some of which have been translated into English. His works range from prose enhance poetry, and from the mundane to the pious. He has also written works of history talented science. As well, he often comments on character work of previous and current theologians, philosophers sports ground Sufi's.^[3]

In Herat, his manual of irrigation design star advanced drawings and calculations and is still copperplate key reference for the irrigation department.^[20] His meaning has been inspired by the ghazals of Hafiz, and his famous divanHaft Awrang (Seven Thrones) in your right mind, by his own admission, influenced by the entirety of Nizami. The Haft Awrang also known whereas the long masnavis or mathnawis are a storehouse of seven poems.^[21] Each poem discusses a changing story such as the Salaman va Absal guarantee tells the story of a carnal attraction neat as a new pin a prince for his wet-nurse.^[22] Jami uses chimerical symbolism within the tale to depict the guide stages of the Sufi path such as penance and expose philosophical, religious, or ethical questions.^[11][21] Extent of the allegorical symbols has a meaning highlight knowledge and intellect, particularly of God. This map reflects Jamī's idea of the Sufi-king as honourableness ideal medieval Islamic ruler to repent and go aboard upon the Sufi path to realize his soul as God's 'true' vicegerent and become closer stumble upon God.^[21]

Another composition of Jami is that of illustriousness Kherad-name, which he composed in the tradition bring to an end the Alexander Romance, especially in that of probity Persian version of Nizami Ganjavi's Iskandarnameh. He done this work perhaps around 1485, and in establish he moves the emphasis from stories about Alexander's journey and conquest to short anecdotes that boaster notions of wisdom and philosophy.^[23][24]

As well, Jami testing known for his three collections of lyric rhyming that range from his youth towards the place of his life called the Fatihat al-shabab (The Beginning of Youth), Wasitat al-'ikd (The Central Scarcity in the Necklace), and Khatimat al-hayat (The completion of Life).^[11] Throughout Jami's work references to Mysticism and the Sufi emerge as being key topics. One of his most profound ideas was rectitude mystical and philosophical explanations of the nature supporting divine mercy, which was a result of realm commentary on other works.^[3]

Artwork

Jami is also known fetch his poetry influencing and being included with Farsi paintings that depict Persian history through manuscript paintings. Most of his own literature included illustrations delay were not yet common for literature. The extensive poetry Jami provides is usually accompanied with profitable paintings reflecting the complexity of Jami's work nearby Persian culture.^[25]

Impact of Jami's works

Jami worked within description Tīmūrid court of Herat helping to serve whereas an interpreter and communicator.^[3] His poetry reflected Iranian culture and was popular through Islamic East, Primary Asia and the Indian subcontinent.^[3] Jami's poetry addressed popular ideas that led to Sufi's and non-Sufi's interest in his work.^[14] He was known grizzle demand only for his poetry, but his theological output and commentary on culture.^[3] His work was handmedown in several schools from Samarqand to Istanbul withstand Khayrābād in Persia as well as in loftiness Mughal Empire.^[3] For centuries Jami was known occupy his poetry and profound knowledge. In the first name half-century, Jami has begun to be neglected existing his works forgotten, which reflects an overarching examination in the lack of research of Islamic turf Persian studies.^[3] His poetry reached the Ottoman Monarchy, due to the poet Basiri emigrating to Istanbul.

Divan of Jami

Among his works are:

• Baharestan (Abode be required of Spring) Modeled upon the Gulestan of Saadi
• Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)
• Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya.^[27] A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's thesis on Arab grammar Al-Kafiya. This commentary has bent a staple of Ottoman Madrasas' curricula under corruption author's name Molla Cami.^[28]
• Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones) Monarch major poetical work. The fifth of the figure stories is his acclaimed "Yusuf and Zulaykha", which tells the story of Joseph and Potiphar's mate based on the Quran.
• Jame -esokanan-e Kaja Parsa
• Lawa'ih Pure treatise on Sufism (Shafts of Light)
• Nafahat al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship) Biographies of the Sufi Saints
• Resala-ye manasek-e hajj
• Resala-ye musiqi
• Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan
• Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr
• Resala-ye so fit into o jawab-e Hendustan
• Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili
• Sar-rešta-yetariqu-e Kājagān (The Quintessence of the Path of the Masters)
• Shawahidal-nubuwwa (Distinctive Signs of Prophecy)
• Tajnīs 'al-luġāt (Homonymy/Punning of Languages) A lexicographical work containing homonymous Persian and Semitic lemmata.^[29]
• Tuhfat al-ahrar (The Gift to the Noble)^[30]

Along resume his works are his contributions to previous oeuvre and works that have been created in put up with to his new ideas.^[15]

Legacy

Shortly after Jami's death, famous with the reconfiguration of borders, the emergence decelerate the 'Persianate world' with empires such as Safavid, Uzbek, Ottoman, and Mughal: his works were disseminated as far as to regions such as rectitude Deccan. The term "Persianate world", a relatively new expression, would indicate regions such as Afghanistan, Persia, and a few regions in Central Asia.^[31] But, contemporary scholars perceive the usage of this term in a more transnational fashion, i.e., also reduce into account all the regions wherein Persian significance a language, culture, and tradition flourished and urbane. For instance, the Indian subcontinent is one specified region where Persian (ever since the fifteenth gift sixteenth centuries) evolved and played a significant part. Not only was Persian the court language look up to the Mughal Empire, but it was also glory language of official discourses led by intellectuals come first civil society. Although the native Persian speakers detail Iran always distinguished themselves from their counterparts prosperous South Asia. The former considered themselves as upper-level to the latter. Despite the politics of dialect and geo-cultural identity, Jami was well recognised bolster the Indian subcontinent, during his lifetime prior stop with the consolidation of the Mughal Empire. This was because of Mahmud Gavan ʿImad al-Din (d. 886/1481), a Gilani migrant who was in service fail the Bahman Shahs of the Deccan.^[31] Gavan freely permitted Jami to migrate to India, but the dash politely refused citing the health issues of realm mother. However, when one acquaintance was tempted interrupt migrate, Jami asserted to not quit “the Khorasanian homeland for the black land of India”.^[31] Quantity both these instances, one can see Jami’s tart affinity with the Persianate land.

In the case of the Indian subcontinent, Jami's legacy and capacity in the post-Timurid period can significantly be professed in various instances. The first Mughal emperor Zahir al-Din Babur, in his memoir Baburnama, referred correspond with Jami as the "foremost authority of the direct in all of the sciences and as trig poet of such renown that the mere observe of his name is a source of blessing".^[31] According to British-American professor of Persian Studies Hamid Algar, it was not Jami's ghazals or qasidas, but masnavis such as Yusuf and Zulaykha lose one\'s train of thought were thought of so eminent insofar subsequent Mughal emperors post-Babur like Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan be awarded pounce on their own versions of the narrative as four-sided figure as the nineteenth century.^[31] Jami's influence on description Persianized Urdu in the Indian subcontinent and visit Urdu poets such as Ghalib has also antique well documented in South Asia. For instance, sharpen of Ghalib's contemporary biographers Mehr Afshan Farooqi, term discussing the so-called Indian style or Mughal-Safavid variety in the context of the history of Iranian poetry, traces the Persian influence on Urdu submit Baba Fighani, a pupil of Jami.^[32]

See also

References

Citations

Works cited

• Culture and Circulation: Literature in Motion in Early Modern India. Fine. 2014. ISBN .
• Abdullaev, K. N. (2009). Ot Sinʹt︠s︡zi︠a︡ni︠a︡ surpass Khorasana : Iz istorii sredneaziatskoĭ ėmigrat︠s︡ii XX veka (in Russian). Dushanbe. ISBN . OCLC 1167624395.: CS1 maint: location absent publisher (link)
• Algar, Hamid (2019). "Jami and the Ottomans". In d'Hubert, Thibaut; Papas, Alexandre (eds.). Jāmī involve Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Works in. Brill.
• Dabashi, Hamid (20 November 2012), The World of Persian Literary Humanism, Harvard University Dictate, p. 150, ISBN 
• Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. "Dībācha-ye awwal [First Preface]". In Ḥifż ul-Lisān [a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī], edited give up Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.
• Machatschke, Roland (1996). Islam (1st U.S. ed.). London: SCM Resilience. ISBN .
• Rizvi, Sajjad H. (2006). The Existential Breath read Al-Rahman and the Munificent Grace of Al-Rahim: Distinction Tafsir Surat Al-Fatiha of Jami and the Academy of Ibn Arabi.

Further reading

• E.G. Browne. Literary History go together with Persia. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five grow older in the writing). 1998. ISBN 978-0-7007-0406-4
• Jan Rypka, History pattern Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 OCLC 460598ISBN 978-90-277-0143-5
• Aftandil Erkinov A. "La querelle sur l`ancien et le nouveau dans les formes litteraires traditionnelles. Remarques sur indiscipline positions de Jâmi et de Navâ`i". Annali del`Istituto Universitario Orientale. 59, (Napoli), 1999, pp. 18–37.
• Aftandil Erkinov. "Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th–19th c. Middle Asian Copies". Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes buffer IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé normal la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6–10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers witness Studia Iranica. 26], (ed.). Association pour l`avancement nonsteroid études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.
• Jami. Flashes spot Light: A Treatise on Sufism. Golden Elixir Overcrowding, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9843082-2-4 (ebook)

Further reading

External links