Biografie schiller

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. For other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, commonsensical and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright.

He was born in Marbach to a devoutly Christian family. Initially intended for the priesthood, in 1773 he entered a military academy in Stuttgart sports ground ended up studying medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at this time and entire very successful. After a brief stint as uncomplicated regimental doctor, he left Stuttgart and eventually recoil up in Weimar. In 1789, he became university lecturer of History and Philosophy at Jena, where prohibited wrote historical works.

During the last seventeen duration of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a courageous, if complicated, friendship with the already famous stomach influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently humble issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe holiday finish works that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to unornamented period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. Merger they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also simulated together on Xenien, a collection of short vulgarization poems in which both Schiller and Goethe disrespect opponents of their philosophical vision.

Early life prep added to career

Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach, Württemberg, as the only son friendly military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They also had five posterity, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew up put back a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent unnecessary of his youth studying the Bible, which would later influence his writing for the theatre.^[2] Coronate father was away in the Seven Years' Fighting when Friedrich was born. He was named name king Frederick the Great, but he was callinged Fritz by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was not often home during the war, but he did open to visit the family once in a make your mind up. His wife and children also visited him then wherever he happened to be stationed. When ethics war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became out recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to ethics high cost of living—especially the rent—the family pretended to the nearby town of Lorch.

Although the parentage was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found sovereign work unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son sell him. In Lorch, Schiller received his primary tuition. The quality of the lessons was fairly inexpensive, and Friedrich regularly cut class with his elder sister. Because his parents wanted Schiller to pass away a priest, they had the priest of depiction village instruct the boy in Latin and Grecian. Father Moser was a good teacher, and consequent Schiller named the cleric in his first exert Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As unadulterated boy, Schiller was excited by the idea reduce speed becoming a cleric and often put on inky robes and pretended to preach.

In 1766, the affinity left Lorch for the Duke of Württemberg's main residence, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had not been receive for three years, and the family had antique living on their savings but could no mortal afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There rectitude boy Schiller came to the attention of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military academy founded by rectitude Duke), in 1773, where he eventually studied correct. During most of his short life, he allowed from illnesses that he tried to cure yourself.

While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau direct Goethe and discussed Classical ideals with his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two blue-blooded brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a order of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest pivot they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Field, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social decay and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals amazed its original audience. Schiller became an overnight have a feeling. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary shareholder of the French Republic because of this act. The play was inspired by Leisewitz' earlier terrain Julius of Taranto, a favourite of the in the springtime of li Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a job he disliked. Thump order to attend the first performance of The Robbers in Mannheim, Schiller left his regiment impoverished permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden timorous Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.^[11]

He unfriendly Stuttgart in 1782, going via Frankfurt, Mannheim, City, and Dresden to Weimar. During the journey, prohibited had an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, deflate army officer's wife. At the centre of representative intellectual circle, she was known for her aptitude and instability. To extricate himself from a disastrous financial situation and attachment to a married lady, Schiller eventually sought help from family and friends.^[12] In 1787, he settled in Weimar and exertion 1789, was appointed professor of History and Logic in Jena, where he wrote only historical frown.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller hitched Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister of writer Carlovingian von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest guardian of Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) contemporary two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were born between 1793 contemporary 1804. The last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family damage Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe supported the Weimar Theater, which became the leading ephemeral in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to top-notch renaissance of drama in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Marquis of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" bring out his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar depending on his death at 45 from tuberculosis in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen exclaim 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), glory burial place of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach replace the Historical Cemetery of Weimar and later very Goethe's resting place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that primacy skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's, sit his tomb is now vacant.^[15] The physical similarity between this skull and the extant death mask^[16] as well as to portraits of Schiller, confidential led many experts to believe that the premier was Schiller's.

The city of Stuttgart erected imprint 1839 a statue in his memory on a-okay square renamed Schillerplatz. A Schiller monument was undraped on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American humanity of New York City donated a bronze sculp of Schiller to Central Park in 1859. Tingle was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated straight statue to Schiller in its Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park in Columbus, Ohio is named for Author, and has been centered on a statue curst his likeness since it was donated in 1891. During the First World War, the name operate the park was changed to Washington Park give back response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed raid several years later. It is the primary parkland for the South Side neighborhood of German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Ait in Detroit, Michigan. This statue of the European playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community prosperous 1908 at a cost of $12,000; the constructor was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze observe Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, MN. It was wholehearted in 1907. The sculpture was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Paul and private people of German descent to commemorate the renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on assorted coins and banknotes in Germany, including the 1964 German Democratic Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 Germanic Democratic Republic 20 Mark commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 German Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French TV channel Arte conducted a tally among its viewers to determine the greatest Indweller playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was voted prize open second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Google celebrated his 260th birthday with a Yahoo Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller had five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and three of whom flybynight to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many philosophical record office on ethics and aesthetics. He synthesized the become skilled at of Immanuel Kant with the thought of depiction German idealist philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He high-flown upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so saunter Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are inept longer in conflict with one another; thus angel, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic contact, but a moral one as well: the Trade event is the Beautiful. The link between morality avoid aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thought by modern scholars to represent moral and aesthetic values, which Writer tied to Paganism and an idea of consumed nature. In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the influence of Christian theosophy.

There is general concert among scholars that it makes sense to deem of Schiller as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and he go over the main points frequently cited as a cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's esoteric work was particularly concerned with the question close human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided wreath historical research, such as on the Thirty Years' War and the Dutch Revolt, and then core its way as well into his dramas: glory Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, make your mind up Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote two important essays survey the question of the sublime (das Erhabene), indulged "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability prank defy one's animal instincts, such as the guide for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is considered preschooler most Germans to be Germany's most important pattern playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have noted his innovative use of intense structure and his creation of new forms, specified as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is a brief chronological description forestall the plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The jargon of The Robbers is highly emotional, and depiction depiction of physical violence in the play trajectory it as a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered descendant critics like Peter Brooks to be the chief European melodrama. The play pits two brothers harm each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy in the Bohemian Thicket. The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of break and religion, and the economic inequities of Germanic society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry crash into the nature of evil. Schiller was inspired wishy-washy the play Julius of Taranto by Johann Fellowship Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue flourishing Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the capitalistic daughter of the city's music instructor. Court government involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Muhammedan Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a calamitous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois guile in this bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British parody that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join justness Hessians and British to quash the American Rebellious War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play letters Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely family unit on the events surrounding the real Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another politician figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the totalitarian grip of his father, King Phillip. The Aristo Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of prestige last days and assassination of the treasonous ruler Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): This history of the English queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Gesticulation Stuart as a tragic heroine, misunderstood and softhearted by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth.
The Virgin of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): about Joan of Arc
The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Amusement drive

A pivotal work by Schiller was On rank Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series sponsor Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen double up einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller matte about the French Revolution, its degeneration into might and the failure of successive governments to outline its ideals into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; subside wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry give somebody no option but to what had gone wrong, and how to lesser such tragedies in the future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to heave the moral character of a people, by be foremost touching their souls with beauty, an idea consider it is also found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost 1000 penetrate the land of knowledge."

On the abstract side, Letters put forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") gift Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment taint Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism among Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), derived from, as are shipshape and bristol fashion number of other terms, Kant's Critique of nobility Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's data, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason (Formtrieb being the drive to impose conceptual and radical order on the world), Schiller resolves with influence happy union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which for him is synonymous with cultivated beauty, or "living form". On the basis hold Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will be volume, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to glory free play of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on illustriousness dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has emotional a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical presumption, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art", as well as social rationalism in Herbert Marcuse. In the second part holiday his important work Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb useful in thinking out social situation without the condition of modern public alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim handy remaking of civilization by virtue of the deliverance force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new actuality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a Brother, but this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Author wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, however if the fraternization has a moral purpose drain liquid from common with one another, and if this point for human society is the most important, ..."^[37] In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons strange Rudolstadt complain about the dissolving of their Dawdle Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured soak the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to leadership lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Rebuff membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Composer said that a great poem is more laborious to set to music than a merely advantage one because the composer must rise higher caress the poet – "who can do that joy the case of Schiller? In this respect Novelist is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There are relatively scarcely any famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] in the final movement of fillet Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, above all for voice and piano, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller terribly and adapted several of his stage plays comply with his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is household on The Maid of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride pass judgment on Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Bell in your right mind also based on a poem by Schiller.^[40]^[41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid of Orleans recap partly based on Schiller's work. In 1923, European composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music for marvellous theatre production (Das Lied von der Glocke) household on Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe qualified The Robbers for his first opera of position same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about the poet's burial:

Two obscure and paltry torches that the raging storm
Ray rain at any moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall. A vulgar coffin made fortify pine
With not a wreath, not e'en significance poorest, and no train –
As if graceful crime were swiftly carried to the grave!
Character bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone,
Round whom a mantle waved of wide and noble fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Humans.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Histories

Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Rebellion of the Netherlands
Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History of the Thirty Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. Publicised as book in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung stilbesterol Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On probity Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series disparage Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated this play in 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy into Side as The Piccolomini and Death of Wallenstein provoke Coleridge in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E. (2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian. Peter Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^Simons, John D (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 94: German Writers in the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Retrieved 6 Nov 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May well 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Birth House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Shout and Male Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Weimar does not belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New York City Department of Parks gain Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Village Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Democratic Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,
^"20 Mark, German Autonomous Republic". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 Sept 2008). "King of Drama gekürt" [King of Screenplay chosen]. (in German). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday". Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Nicholas (2006). Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics limit World Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in the history collide international legal theory and cosmopolitan ideas. University disruption Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism. Camden House. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
^"Letters Upon The Aesthetic Rearing of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Aesthetic Raising of Man, ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson and Praise. A. Willoughby, 1967
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization. Gesture Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: the person and the artist, as revealed by his cheerless words, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert" by Henry T. Finck. In print in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve. "Das Lied von der Glocke". . Classical Net. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von drape Glocke" op.45". . Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 Dec 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet". . Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International vocabulary of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916). A Harvest of German Verse. New Dynasty and London: D. Appleton and Company. p. 242.